महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-36, verse-42

अथैनमब्रवीत्पार्थो भयार्तं नष्टचेतसम् ।
यदि नोत्सहसे योद्धुं शत्रुभिः शत्रुकर्शन ।
एहि मे त्वं हयान्यच्छ युध्यमानस्य शत्रुभिः ॥४२॥

42. athainamabravītpārtho bhayārtaṁ naṣṭacetasam ,
yadi notsahase yoddhuṁ śatrubhiḥ śatrukarśana ,
ehi me tvaṁ hayānyaccha yudhyamānasya śatrubhiḥ.

42. atha enam abravīt pārthaḥ bhayārtam
naṣṭacetasam yadi na utsahase yoddhum
śatrubhiḥ śatrukarśana ehi me tvam
hayān yaccha yudhyamānasya śatrubhiḥ

42. Then Arjuna (Pārtha) spoke to him, who was tormented by fear and had lost his composure: "If you are unable to fight the enemies, O vanquisher of foes, then come and drive my horses while I engage in battle with them."

Words meanings summery:

• अथ (atha) - Then, indicating sequence. (now, then, thereupon)

• एनम् (enam) - Him (referring to Uttara). (him, this (masculine accusative singular of idam))

• अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - Arjuna said. (he said, he spoke)

• पार्थः (pārthaḥ) - Arjuna (Pārtha). (son of Pṛthā, Arjuna)

• भयार्तम् (bhayārtam) - Distressed by fear (describing Uttara). (distressed by fear, afflicted by fear)

• नष्टचेतसम् (naṣṭacetasam) - Bewildered in mind (describing Uttara). (whose mind is lost, bewildered, confused)

• यदि (yadi) - Introducing a conditional clause. (if)

• न (na) - Negates utsahase. (not, no)

• उत्सहसे (utsahase) - You are able (to fight). (you are able, you undertake)

• योद्धुम् (yoddhum) - To fight. (to fight, for fighting)

• शत्रुभिः (śatrubhiḥ) - With enemies. (by enemies, with enemies)

• शत्रुकर्शन (śatrukarśana) - O vanquisher of foes (epithet for Uttara). (O tormentor of foes, O vanquisher of enemies)

• एहि (ehi) - Come (here). (come!)

• मे (me) - My (horses). (to me, for me, my)

• त्वम् (tvam) - You (Uttara). (you)

• हयान् (hayān) - The horses (of Arjuna's chariot). (horses)

• यच्छ (yaccha) - Drive (the horses). (drive, hold, restrain, give)

• युध्यमानस्य (yudhyamānasya) - While I am fighting (genitive, agreeing with me understood). (of one fighting, while fighting (genitive of present participle))

• शत्रुभिः (śatrubhiḥ) - With enemies. (by enemies, with enemies)

Words meanings and morphology

अथ (atha) - Then, indicating sequence. (now, then, thereupon)

(indeclinable)

एनम् (enam) - Him (referring to Uttara). (him, this (masculine accusative singular of idam))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - Arjuna said. (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of brū

Imperfect (Laṅ)

2nd conjugation root.

Root: brū (class 2)

पार्थः (pārthaḥ) - Arjuna (Pārtha). (son of Pṛthā, Arjuna)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pārtha

pārtha - son of Pṛthā (Kuntī)

Apatyārthaka (descendant) derivation from Pṛthā.

भयार्तम् (bhayārtam) - Distressed by fear (describing Uttara). (distressed by fear, afflicted by fear)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bhayārta

bhayārta - afflicted by fear

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bhaya+ārta)

• bhaya – fear, dread
  noun (neuter)
  Root: bhī (class 3)
• ārta – afflicted, distressed, pained
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root ṛ ('to go, to move') with prefix ā-
  Prefix: ā
  Root: ṛ (class 3)

Note: Agrees with enam (him).

नष्टचेतसम् (naṣṭacetasam) - Bewildered in mind (describing Uttara). (whose mind is lost, bewildered, confused)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of naṣṭacetas

naṣṭacetas - lost-minded, bewildered, confused

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (naṣṭa+cetas)

• naṣṭa – lost, destroyed, perished
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root naś ('to perish, be lost')
  Root: naś (class 4)
• cetas – mind, consciousness, intellect
  noun (neuter)
  Root: cit (class 1)

Note: Agrees with enam (him).

यदि (yadi) - Introducing a conditional clause. (if)

(indeclinable)

न (na) - Negates utsahase. (not, no)

(indeclinable)

उत्सहसे (utsahase) - You are able (to fight). (you are able, you undertake)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of sah

Present Tense

From root sah (1st conjugation, saha class) with ud prefix.

Prefix: ud

Root: sah (class 1)

योद्धुम् (yoddhum) - To fight. (to fight, for fighting)

(indeclinable)

Infinitive

Formed with suffix -tum.

Root: yudh (class 4)

शत्रुभिः (śatrubhiḥ) - With enemies. (by enemies, with enemies)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śatru

śatru - enemy, foe, rival

शत्रुकर्शन (śatrukarśana) - O vanquisher of foes (epithet for Uttara). (O tormentor of foes, O vanquisher of enemies)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of śatrukarśana

śatrukarśana - tormenting enemies, vanquishing foes

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śatru+karśana)

• śatru – enemy, foe
  noun (masculine)
• karśana – tormenting, emaciating, wasting
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun/present participle (क्रियाविशेषण)
  Derived from root kṛś ('to be thin, to emaciate')
  Root: kṛś (class 1)

Note: Vocative addressing Uttara.

एहि (ehi) - Come (here). (come!)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of i

Imperative

From root i (2nd conjugation), with prefix ā- (implied in ehi). This is a common irregular formation for ā-i.

Prefix: ā

Root: i (class 2)

मे (me) - My (horses). (to me, for me, my)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of aham

aham - I, myself

Note: Can also be dative. Here implies possession.

त्वम् (tvam) - You (Uttara). (you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

हयान् (hayān) - The horses (of Arjuna's chariot). (horses)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of haya

haya - horse, steed

Root: hi (class 5)

Note: Object of yaccha.

यच्छ (yaccha) - Drive (the horses). (drive, hold, restrain, give)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of yam

Imperative

From root yam (1st conjugation, present stem yaccha).

Root: yam (class 1)

युध्यमानस्य (yudhyamānasya) - While I am fighting (genitive, agreeing with me understood). (of one fighting, while fighting (genitive of present participle))

(participle)

Genitive, masculine, singular of yudh

yudh - to fight, to combat

Present Middle Participle

From root yudh (4th conjugation), in the middle voice, with suffix -māna.

Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Implies "of him who is fighting," here referring to Arjuna.

शत्रुभिः (śatrubhiḥ) - With enemies. (by enemies, with enemies)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śatru

śatru - enemy, foe, rival