महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-131, verse-2

चातुर्वर्ण्यं भगवता पूर्वं सृष्टं स्वयंभुवा ।
केन कर्मविपाकेन वैश्यो गच्छति शूद्रताम् ॥२॥

2. cāturvarṇyaṁ bhagavatā pūrvaṁ sṛṣṭaṁ svayaṁbhuvā ,
kena karmavipākena vaiśyo gacchati śūdratām.

2. cāturvarṇyam bhagavatā pūrvam sṛṣṭam svayambhuvā
kena karmavipākena vaiśyaḥ gacchati śūdratām

2. pūrvam svayambhuvā bhagavatā cāturvarṇyam sṛṣṭam
kena karmavipākena vaiśyaḥ śūdratām gacchati

2. The four social classes (cāturvarṇyam) were formerly created by the Self-Existent Lord (Bhagavān). By what ripening of actions (karma-vipāka) does a vaiśya attain the state of a śūdra?

Words meanings summery:

• चातुर्वर्ण्यम् (cāturvarṇyam) - the system of four social classes

• भगवता (bhagavatā) - by the Lord, by the Worshipful One

• पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - formerly, previously

• सृष्टम् (sṛṣṭam) - created, emanated

• स्वयम्भुवा (svayambhuvā) - by the Self-Existent One

• केन (kena) - by what, by which

• कर्मविपाकेन (karmavipākena) - by the ripening of actions, by the consequence of (karma)

• वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - a vaiśya (member of the third social class)

• गच्छति (gacchati) - goes, attains

• शूद्रताम् (śūdratām) - the state of a śūdra, śūdra-hood

Words meanings and morphology

चातुर्वर्ण्यम् (cāturvarṇyam) - the system of four social classes

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of cāturvarṇya

cāturvarṇya - the system of four social classes (brāhmaṇa, kṣatriya, vaiśya, śūdra)

Derived from caturvarṇa (four classes).

Note: Also accusative singular, but nominative fits passive construction.

भगवता (bhagavatā) - by the Lord, by the Worshipful One

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of bhagavat

bhagavat - divine, glorious, adorable, Lord, God

Stem is bhagavat. Instrumental singular of masculine noun.

Root: bhaj (class 1)

Note: Agent in passive construction.

पूर्वम् (pūrvam) - formerly, previously

(indeclinable)

Adverbial accusative of pūrva.

सृष्टम् (sṛṣṭam) - created, emanated

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sṛṣṭa

sṛṣṭa - created, emanated, produced

Past Passive Participle

PPP of root sṛj (to create, emit).

Root: sṛj (class 6)

Note: Acts as the main verb in a passive construction.

स्वयम्भुवा (svayambhuvā) - by the Self-Existent One

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of svayambhū

svayambhū - self-existent, self-born (an epithet for Brahmā or Supreme Being)

Compound of svayam (by oneself) and bhū (being, becoming). Instrumental singular of masculine noun.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (svayam+bhū)

• svayam – by oneself, spontaneously
  indeclinable
• bhū – being, becoming, existing, earth
  noun (masculine)
  From root bhū (to be, become).
  Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Agent in passive construction, referring to the creator.

केन (kena) - by what, by which

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Interrogative pronoun, instrumental singular masculine/neuter.

कर्मविपाकेन (karmavipākena) - by the ripening of actions, by the consequence of (karma)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of karmavipāka

karmavipāka - the ripening or consequence of actions (karma)

Compound of karma (action) and vipāka (ripening, result).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (karma+vipāka)

• karma – action, deed, ritual, consequence of actions (karma)
  noun (neuter)
  From root kṛ (to do).
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• vipāka – ripening, maturation, result, consequence
  noun (masculine)
  From root pac (to cook, ripen) with prefix vi.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: pac (class 1)

वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - a vaiśya (member of the third social class)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśya

vaiśya - a member of the third social class (merchants, farmers)

Derived from viś (settlement, community).

Root: viś (class 6)

गच्छति (gacchati) - goes, attains

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of gam

Present Indicative, Third Person, Singular

Present active indicative form of root gam (to go). The root gam changes to gaccha in present stem.

Root: gam (class 1)

शूद्रताम् (śūdratām) - the state of a śūdra, śūdra-hood

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of śūdratā

śūdratā - the state or condition of a śūdra, śūdra-hood

Derived from śūdra (member of the fourth social class) with suffix -tā (feminine noun forming suffix for abstract quality).

Note: Object of 'gacchati'.