महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-277, verse-22

यदा मृतश्च स्वजनं न ज्ञास्यसि कथंचन ।
सुखितं दुःखितं वापि ननु बोद्धव्यमात्मना ॥२२॥

22. yadā mṛtaśca svajanaṁ na jñāsyasi kathaṁcana ,
sukhitaṁ duḥkhitaṁ vāpi nanu boddhavyamātmanā.

22. yadā mṛtaḥ ca svajanaṃ na jñāsyasi kathaṃcana
sukhitaṃ duḥkhitaṃ vā api nanu boddhavyaṃ ātmanā

22. yadā mṛtaḥ ca,
svajanaṃ sukhitaṃ vā दुःखितं कथंचन न ज्ञास्यसि अपि,
ननु आत्मना बोद्धव्यं

22. And when you are dead, you will not know your own people at all, whether they are happy or sorrowful. Surely, this truth must be understood by oneself (ātman).

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when

• मृतः (mṛtaḥ) - dead, deceased

• च (ca) - and

• स्वजनं (svajanaṁ) - one's own people, relatives

• न (na) - not

• ज्ञास्यसि (jñāsyasi) - you will know

• कथंचन (kathaṁcana) - by any means, at all

• सुखितं (sukhitaṁ) - happy, joyful

• दुःखितं (duḥkhitaṁ) - sorrowful, distressed

• वा (vā) - or

• अपि (api) - even, also

• ननु (nanu) - surely, indeed (implies affirmation or gentle question)

• बोद्धव्यं (boddhavyaṁ) - should be understood, is to be known

• आत्मना (ātmanā) - by oneself, by the self (ātman)

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when

(indeclinable)

Note: temporal adverb

मृतः (mṛtaḥ) - dead, deceased

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mṛta

mṛta - dead, deceased

Past Passive Participle

derived from root 'mṛ'

Root: mṛ (class 1)

Note: qualifies the implicit 'you'

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: conjunction

स्वजनं (svajanaṁ) - one's own people, relatives

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of svajana

svajana - one's own people, relatives, kinsfolk

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sva+jana)

• sva – one's own
  adjective
• jana – person, people, man
  noun (masculine)

Note: object of 'jñāsyasi'

न (na) - not

(indeclinable)

Note: negation particle

ज्ञास्यसि (jñāsyasi) - you will know

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, future indicative (lṛṭ) of jñā

Future Active Indicative

Root: jñā (class 9)

कथंचन (kathaṁcana) - by any means, at all

(indeclinable)

Note: adverbial particle, emphasizing negation

सुखितं (sukhitaṁ) - happy, joyful

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sukhita

sukhita - happy, joyful, pleased

Past Passive Participle

derived from 'sukha'

Note: predicate adjective for svajanaṃ

दुःखितं (duḥkhitaṁ) - sorrowful, distressed

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of duḥkhita

duḥkhita - sorrowful, distressed, unhappy

Past Passive Participle

derived from 'duḥkha'

Note: predicate adjective for svajanaṃ

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

Note: disjunctive conjunction

अपि (api) - even, also

(indeclinable)

Note: particle

ननु (nanu) - surely, indeed (implies affirmation or gentle question)

(indeclinable)

Note: particle

बोद्धव्यं (boddhavyaṁ) - should be understood, is to be known

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of boddhavya

boddhavya - to be understood, to be known

Gerundive/Future Passive Participle

derived from root 'budh'

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: implied verb 'is'

आत्मना (ātmanā) - by oneself, by the self (ātman)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ātman

ātman - self, soul, spirit, individual soul (ātman)

Note: agent of 'boddhavyaṃ'