महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-1, verse-40

यदा ह्यस्य गिरो रूक्षाः शृणोमि कटुकोदयाः ।
सभायां गदतो द्यूते दुर्योधनहितैषिणः ॥४०॥

40. yadā hyasya giro rūkṣāḥ śṛṇomi kaṭukodayāḥ ,
sabhāyāṁ gadato dyūte duryodhanahitaiṣiṇaḥ.

40. yadā hi asya giraḥ rūkṣāḥ śṛṇomi kaṭukodayāḥ
sabhāyām gadato dyūte duryodhana-hitaiṣiṇaḥ

40. hi yadā asya duryodhana-hitaiṣiṇaḥ dyūte
sabhāyām gadato rūkṣāḥ kaṭukodayāḥ giraḥ śṛṇomi

40. Indeed, when I hear his harsh words, which have bitter consequences, spoken in the assembly by him who wishes well for Duryodhana during the game of dice...

Words meanings summery:

• यदा (yadā) - when, at which time

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, for, because

• अस्य (asya) - his, of this, of him

• गिरः (giraḥ) - words, speeches, voices

• रूक्षाः (rūkṣāḥ) - harsh, rough, dry, unkind

• शृणोमि (śṛṇomi) - I hear, I listen

• कटुकोदयाः (kaṭukodayāḥ) - having bitter consequences, leading to bitter results

• सभायाम् (sabhāyām) - in the assembly, in the court

• गदतो (gadato) - speaking, uttering, talking

• द्यूते (dyūte) - in the game of dice, in gambling

• दुर्योधन-हितैषिणः (duryodhana-hitaiṣiṇaḥ) - of Karna, who supported Duryodhana (of him who wishes well for Duryodhana, of Duryodhana's well-wisher)

Words meanings and morphology

यदा (yadā) - when, at which time

(indeclinable)

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, for, because

(indeclinable)

अस्य (asya) - his, of this, of him

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it

गिरः (giraḥ) - words, speeches, voices

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of gir

gir - word, speech, voice

रूक्षाः (rūkṣāḥ) - harsh, rough, dry, unkind

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of rūkṣa

rūkṣa - harsh, rough, dry, unkind

शृणोमि (śṛṇomi) - I hear, I listen

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present active indicative (laṭ) of śru

present active indicative, 1st person singular

Root: śru (class 5)

कटुकोदयाः (kaṭukodayāḥ) - having bitter consequences, leading to bitter results

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of kaṭukodaya

kaṭukodaya - having bitter consequences, whose rise is bitter

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (kaṭuka+udaya)

• kaṭuka – bitter, pungent, sharp
  adjective (masculine)
• udaya – rise, coming forth, consequence, result
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: ud
  Root: i (class 2)

सभायाम् (sabhāyām) - in the assembly, in the court

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of sabhā

sabhā - assembly, council, court, meeting hall

गदतो (gadato) - speaking, uttering, talking

(participle)

Genitive, masculine, singular of gadat

gadat - speaking, uttering

Present Active Participle

derived from root gad (to speak)

Root: gad (class 1)

Note: agrees with 'asya' and 'duryodhana-hitaiṣiṇaḥ'

द्यूते (dyūte) - in the game of dice, in gambling

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of dyūta

dyūta - game of dice, gambling

Root: dyu (class 4)

दुर्योधन-हितैषिणः (duryodhana-hitaiṣiṇaḥ) - of Karna, who supported Duryodhana (of him who wishes well for Duryodhana, of Duryodhana's well-wisher)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of duryodhana-hitaiṣin

duryodhana-hitaiṣin - wishing well for Duryodhana, supporter of Duryodhana

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (duryodhana+hitaiṣin)

• duryodhana – Duryodhana (proper name of the eldest Kaurava)
  proper noun (masculine)
• hitaiṣin – well-wisher, benevolent
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun from root iṣ (to wish) with upasarga hita (beneficial)
  Prefix: hita
  Root: iṣ (class 4)

Note: agrees with 'asya' and 'gadato'