महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-13, verse-12

तानब्रवीत्स दृष्ट्वैव जरत्कारुः पितामहान् ।
के भवन्तोऽवलम्बन्ते गर्तेऽस्मिन्वा अधोमुखाः ॥१२॥

12. tānabravītsa dṛṣṭvaiva jaratkāruḥ pitāmahān ,
ke bhavanto'valambante garte'sminvā adhomukhāḥ.

12. tān abravīt saḥ dṛṣṭvā eva jaratkāruḥ pitāmahān ke
bhavantaḥ avalambante garte asmin vā adhomukhāḥ

12. Seeing them, Jaratkaru immediately said to his ancestors: "Who are you, hanging upside down in this pit?"

Words meanings summery:

• तान् (tān) - them (the ancestors) (them (masculine, plural, accusative))

• अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - said (he said, he spoke)

• सः (saḥ) - he (Jaratkaru) (he, that)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• एव (eva) - immediately, just upon (indeed, just, only, certainly)

• जरत्कारुः (jaratkāruḥ) - Jaratkaru (Jaratkaru (name))

• पितामहान् (pitāmahān) - ancestors (paternal ancestors, grandfathers)

• के (ke) - who (are you) (who (plural))

• भवन्तः (bhavantaḥ) - you (sir/sirs) (you (plural, respectful))

• अवलम्बन्ते (avalambante) - are hanging (they hang, they are suspended)

• गर्ते (garte) - in the pit (in the pit, in the chasm)

• अस्मिन् (asmin) - in this (pit) (in this (masculine, singular, locative))

• वा (vā) - or, and

• अधोमुखाः (adhomukhāḥ) - upside down (referring to the ancestors) (with faces downwards, downwards-faced)

Words meanings and morphology

तान् (tān) - them (the ancestors) (them (masculine, plural, accusative))

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - said (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of brū

Root: brū (class 2)

Note: Augment 'a' at the beginning

सः (saḥ) - he (Jaratkaru) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

absolutive

from root dṛś- (to see)

Root: dṛś (class 1)

एव (eva) - immediately, just upon (indeed, just, only, certainly)

(indeclinable)

जरत्कारुः (jaratkāruḥ) - Jaratkaru (Jaratkaru (name))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jaratkāru

jaratkāru - Jaratkaru (proper name)

पितामहान् (pitāmahān) - ancestors (paternal ancestors, grandfathers)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - paternal grandfather, ancestor

के (ke) - who (are you) (who (plural))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kim

kim - who, what, which

भवन्तः (bhavantaḥ) - you (sir/sirs) (you (plural, respectful))

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of bhavat

bhavat - you (respectful term), being, existing

present participle

from root bhū- (to be)

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Often used as a respectful pronoun for 'you'.

अवलम्बन्ते (avalambante) - are hanging (they hang, they are suspended)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of avalamb

Prefix: ava

Root: lamb (class 1)

Note: Root lamb (to hang) with ava- prefix

गर्ते (garte) - in the pit (in the pit, in the chasm)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of garta

garta - pit, hole, chasm

अस्मिन् (asmin) - in this (pit) (in this (masculine, singular, locative))

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

वा (vā) - or, and

(indeclinable)

अधोमुखाः (adhomukhāḥ) - upside down (referring to the ancestors) (with faces downwards, downwards-faced)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of adhomukha

adhomukha - downwards-faced, having face downwards

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (adhas+mukha)

• adhas – down, below, downwards
  indeclinable
• mukha – face, mouth, opening
  noun (neuter)

Note: Bahuvrīhi compound, meaning 'one whose face is downwards'