महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-7, verse-20

प्रत्युद्यातो रणे पार्थान्मद्रराजः प्रतापवान् ।
विधुन्वन्कार्मुकं चित्रं भारघ्नं वेगवत्तरम् ॥२०॥

20. pratyudyāto raṇe pārthānmadrarājaḥ pratāpavān ,
vidhunvankārmukaṁ citraṁ bhāraghnaṁ vegavattaram.

20. pratyudyātaḥ raṇe pārthāt madrarājaḥ pratāpavān
vidhunvan kārmukam citram bhāraghnam vegavattaram

20. pratāpavān madrarājaḥ raṇe pārthāt pratyudyātaḥ
citram bhāraghnam vegavattaram kārmukam vidhunvan

20. The mighty king of Madra, having been confronted in battle by Arjuna (Pārtha), was shaking his marvelous, foe-destroying, exceptionally swift bow.

Words meanings summery:

• प्रत्युद्यातः (pratyudyātaḥ) - having been confronted (confronted, met, advanced towards)

• रणे (raṇe) - in battle (in battle, in war)

• पार्थात् (pārthāt) - from Arjuna (Pārtha) (from the son of Pṛthā, from Arjuna)

• मद्रराजः (madrarājaḥ) - King Śalya of Madra (king of Madra)

• प्रतापवान् (pratāpavān) - mighty (powerful, glorious, mighty)

• विधुन्वन् (vidhunvan) - shaking, brandishing (his bow) (shaking, brandishing)

• कार्मुकम् (kārmukam) - bow (bow, made of kārmuka wood)

• चित्रम् (citram) - marvelous (variegated, wonderful, marvelous, strange)

• भारघ्नम् (bhāraghnam) - foe-destroying (destroying burdens, destroying foes)

• वेगवत्तरम् (vegavattaram) - exceptionally swift (swifter, very swift, more impetuous)

Words meanings and morphology

प्रत्युद्यातः (pratyudyātaḥ) - having been confronted (confronted, met, advanced towards)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pratyudyāta

pratyudyāta - confronted, met, gone forth to meet

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root `yā` (to go) with prefixes `prati` and `ut`.

Prefixes: prati+ut

Root: yā (class 2)

Note: Qualifies Madrarājaḥ.

रणे (raṇe) - in battle (in battle, in war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, war, conflict, sound, pleasure

Root: raṇ (class 1)

पार्थात् (pārthāt) - from Arjuna (Pārtha) (from the son of Pṛthā, from Arjuna)

(proper noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of pārtha

pārtha - son of Pṛthā (Kunti), Arjuna, Yudhiṣṭhira, Bhīma, Nakula, Sahadeva

Derived from `pṛthā` (Kunti).

Note: Denotes the agent of confrontation, implying Arjuna initiated.

मद्रराजः (madrarājaḥ) - King Śalya of Madra (king of Madra)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of madrarāja

madrarāja - king of Madra, Śalya

Compound of Madra (a country/people) and Rāja (king).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (madra+rājan)

• madra – Madra people, Madra country
  proper noun (masculine)
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

प्रतापवान् (pratāpavān) - mighty (powerful, glorious, mighty)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pratāpavat

pratāpavat - powerful, glorious, majestic, splendid

Possessive adjective formed from `pratāpa` (power, glory).

Note: Qualifies `madrarājaḥ`.

विधुन्वन् (vidhunvan) - shaking, brandishing (his bow) (shaking, brandishing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vidhunvat

vidhunvat - shaking, brandishing, agitating

Present Active Participle

Derived from root `dhū` (to shake) with prefix `vi`.

Prefix: vi

Root: dhū (class 5)

Note: Qualifies `madrarājaḥ`, indicating a simultaneous action.

कार्मुकम् (kārmukam) - bow (bow, made of kārmuka wood)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kārmuka

kārmuka - bow, a kind of tree (kārmuka), made of kārmuka wood

Formed from `karmukha` (a kind of tree).

Note: Object of `vidhunvan`.

चित्रम् (citram) - marvelous (variegated, wonderful, marvelous, strange)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of citra

citra - variegated, bright, clear, wonderful, strange, marvelous, picture

Root: cit

Note: Qualifies `kārmukam`.

भारघ्नम् (bhāraghnam) - foe-destroying (destroying burdens, destroying foes)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of bhāraghna

bhāraghna - destroyer of burdens, destroyer of enemies/foes

Compound of `bhāra` (burden, enemy, weight) and `ghna` (destroyer, killer).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (bhāra+ghna)

• bhāra – burden, load, weight, quantity, enemy, opponent
  noun (masculine)
  Root: bhṛ
• ghna – killer, destroyer, striking, destroying
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root `han` (to strike, kill).
  Root: han (class 2)

Note: Qualifies `kārmukam`.

वेगवत्तरम् (vegavattaram) - exceptionally swift (swifter, very swift, more impetuous)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vegavattara

vegavattara - swifter, more impetuous, exceptionally swift

Comparative degree of `vegavat` (swift, impetuous).

Note: Qualifies `kārmukam`.