महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-12, verse-39

ते शरा मद्रराजेन प्रेषिता रणमूर्धनि ।
संपतन्तः स्म दृश्यन्ते शलभानां व्रजा इव ॥३९॥

39. te śarā madrarājena preṣitā raṇamūrdhani ,
saṁpatantaḥ sma dṛśyante śalabhānāṁ vrajā iva.

39. te śarāḥ madrarājena preṣitāḥ raṇamūrdhani
saṃpatantaḥ sma dṛśyante śalabhānām vrajāḥ iva

39. te śarāḥ madrarājena raṇamūrdhani preṣitāḥ
saṃpatantaḥ śalabhānām vrajāḥ iva sma dṛśyante

39. Those arrows, dispatched by the King of Madra (madrarāja) on the battlefield, were seen falling like swarms of locusts.

Words meanings summery:

• ते (te) - those (referring to arrows) (those, they)

• शराः (śarāḥ) - arrows

• मद्रराजेन (madrarājena) - by the King of Madra (by the king of Madras)

• प्रेषिताः (preṣitāḥ) - dispatched, launched (sent, dispatched, hurled)

• रणमूर्धनि (raṇamūrdhani) - on the battlefield (on the battlefront, at the head of battle)

• संपतन्तः (saṁpatantaḥ) - falling, descending (falling down, descending, rushing)

• स्म (sma) - (indicates past tense) (particle used to denote past tense with a present tense verb)

• दृश्यन्ते (dṛśyante) - were seen (they are seen, they appear)

• शलभानाम् (śalabhānām) - of locusts (of locusts, of grasshoppers)

• व्रजाः (vrajāḥ) - swarms (swarms, flocks, herds)

• इव (iva) - like (for comparison) (like, as, as if)

Words meanings and morphology

ते (te) - those (referring to arrows) (those, they)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, it, she, he

शराः (śarāḥ) - arrows

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śara

śara - arrow

Root: śṛ (class 9)

Note: Subject of 'dṛśyante'.

मद्रराजेन (madrarājena) - by the King of Madra (by the king of Madras)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of madrarāja

madrarāja - king of Madras (a country/region)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (madra+rāja)

• madra – Madra (name of a country/people)
  proper noun (masculine)
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Agent of the action 'preṣitāḥ'.

प्रेषिताः (preṣitāḥ) - dispatched, launched (sent, dispatched, hurled)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of preṣita

preṣita - sent, dispatched, hurled

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root iṣ (to send) with prefix pra.

Prefix: pra

Root: iṣ (class 4)

Note: Agrees with 'śarāḥ'.

रणमूर्धनि (raṇamūrdhani) - on the battlefield (on the battlefront, at the head of battle)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of raṇamūrdhan

raṇamūrdhan - battlefront, head of battle

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (raṇa+mūrdhan)

• raṇa – battle, combat
  noun (masculine)
  Root: raṇ (class 1)
• mūrdhan – head, top, forefront
  noun (masculine)

Note: Locative case indicating 'on the battlefield'.

संपतन्तः (saṁpatantaḥ) - falling, descending (falling down, descending, rushing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of saṃpatat

saṁpatat - falling down, descending, flying together

Present Active Participle

Derived from root pat (to fall, fly) with prefix sam.

Prefix: sam

Root: pat (class 1)

स्म (sma) - (indicates past tense) (particle used to denote past tense with a present tense verb)

(indeclinable)

दृश्यन्ते (dṛśyante) - were seen (they are seen, they appear)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, passive, present (lat) of dṛś

Present Tense, Passive Voice

3rd person plural. With 'sma' indicates past tense.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: The particle 'sma' imparts a past tense meaning to this present tense verb form.

शलभानाम् (śalabhānām) - of locusts (of locusts, of grasshoppers)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of śalabha

śalabha - locust, grasshopper

Note: Possessive case, indicating 'swarms of locusts'.

व्रजाः (vrajāḥ) - swarms (swarms, flocks, herds)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vraja

vraja - flock, herd, swarm, host, multitude, pasture

Root: vraj (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'śarāḥ' in comparison.

इव (iva) - like (for comparison) (like, as, as if)

(indeclinable)