महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-12, verse-1

संजय उवाच ।
पीडिते धर्मराजे तु मद्रराजेन मारिष ।
सात्यकिर्भीमसेनश्च माद्रीपुत्रौ च पाण्डवौ ।
परिवार्य रथैः शल्यं पीडयामासुराहवे ॥१॥

1. saṁjaya uvāca ,
pīḍite dharmarāje tu madrarājena māriṣa ,
sātyakirbhīmasenaśca mādrīputrau ca pāṇḍavau ,
parivārya rathaiḥ śalyaṁ pīḍayāmāsurāhave.

1. saṃjayaḥ uvāca pīḍite dharmarāje tu
madrarājena māriṣa sātyakiḥ bhīmasenaḥ
ca mādrīputrau ca pāṇḍavau parivārya
rathaiḥ śalyam pīḍayāmāsuḥ āhave

1. saṃjayaḥ uvāca: māriṣa tu madrarājena dharmarāje pīḍite (sati),
sātyakiḥ bhīmasenaḥ ca mādrīputrau ca pāṇḍavau (te) rathaiḥ śalyam parivārya āhave pīḍayāmāsuḥ

1. Saṃjaya said: "But, O venerable one, when the king of justice (dharma), Yudhiṣṭhira, was tormented by the king of Madras (Śalya), Sātyaki, Bhīmasena, and the two Pāṇḍava sons of Mādrī (Nakula and Sahadeva), surrounded Śalya with their chariots and tormented him in battle."

Words meanings summery:

• संजयः (saṁjayaḥ) - Saṃjaya

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• पीडिते (pīḍite) - when tormented, when afflicted

• धर्मराजे (dharmarāje) - King Yudhiṣṭhira (the king of justice (dharma))

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• मद्रराजेन (madrarājena) - by King Śalya (by the king of Madras)

• मारिष (māriṣa) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (O venerable one, O respectable one)

• सात्यकिः (sātyakiḥ) - Sātyaki

• भीमसेनः (bhīmasenaḥ) - Bhīmasena

• च (ca) - and

• माद्रीपुत्रौ (mādrīputrau) - Nakula and Sahadeva (the two sons of Mādrī)

• च (ca) - and

• पाण्डवौ (pāṇḍavau) - Nakula and Sahadeva (referring to the sons of Mādrī) (the two Pāṇḍavas)

• परिवार्य (parivārya) - having surrounded, having encompassed

• रथैः (rathaiḥ) - with chariots, by means of chariots

• शल्यम् (śalyam) - Śalya

• पीडयामासुः (pīḍayāmāsuḥ) - they tormented, they afflicted

• आहवे (āhave) - in battle, in combat

Words meanings and morphology

संजयः (saṁjayaḥ) - Saṃjaya

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Saṃjaya (Vyāsa's disciple and Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer), victory

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Irregular perfect form (lit) of root √vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

पीडिते (pīḍite) - when tormented, when afflicted

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of pīḍita

pīḍita - oppressed, tormented, harassed, hurt, afflicted

Past Passive Participle

From root √pīḍ (to oppress, torment). Used in locative absolute construction.

Root: pīḍ (class 10)

धर्मराजे (dharmarāje) - King Yudhiṣṭhira (the king of justice (dharma))

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of dharmarāja

dharmarāja - king of justice, king of law, Yudhiṣṭhira, Yama

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+rājan)

• dharma – justice, law, duty, intrinsic nature, constitution, virtue
  noun (masculine)
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

मद्रराजेन (madrarājena) - by King Śalya (by the king of Madras)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of madrarāja

madrarāja - king of the Madras (a people and country), Śalya

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (madra+rājan)

• madra – the country of Madras, a native of Madra
  proper noun (neuter)
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

मारिष (māriṣa) - O Dhṛtarāṣṭra (O venerable one, O respectable one)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of māriṣa

māriṣa - venerable man, respectable person, nobleman

सात्यकिः (sātyakiḥ) - Sātyaki

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sātyaki

sātyaki - Sātyaki (a Vṛṣṇi hero, Kṛṣṇa's charioteer, son of Satyaka)

भीमसेनः (bhīmasenaḥ) - Bhīmasena

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīmasena

bhīmasena - Bhīmasena (the second Pāṇḍava brother)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

माद्रीपुत्रौ (mādrīputrau) - Nakula and Sahadeva (the two sons of Mādrī)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of mādrīputra

mādrīputra - son of Mādrī

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (mādrī+putra)

• mādrī – Mādrī (name of Pāṇḍu's second wife, mother of Nakula and Sahadeva)
  proper noun (feminine)
• putra – son, child
  noun (masculine)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

पाण्डवौ (pāṇḍavau) - Nakula and Sahadeva (referring to the sons of Mādrī) (the two Pāṇḍavas)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, son of Pāṇḍu

परिवार्य (parivārya) - having surrounded, having encompassed

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive formed from root √vṛ (to cover, surround, choose) with prefix pari-.

Prefix: pari

Root: vṛ (class 1)

रथैः (rathaiḥ) - with chariots, by means of chariots

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of ratha

ratha - chariot, car, vehicle

शल्यम् (śalyam) - Śalya

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śalya

śalya - Śalya (name of the king of Madra), spear, dart

पीडयामासुः (pīḍayāmāsuḥ) - they tormented, they afflicted

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past perfect (lit) of pīḍay

Causative stem + Periphrastic Perfect

Derived from root √pīḍ (to oppress, torment), in causative form, and then forming the periphrastic perfect (āmāsuḥ).

Root: pīḍ (class 10)

आहवे (āhave) - in battle, in combat

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of āhava

āhava - battle, combat, fight, war