महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-12, verse-31

स चतुर्भिर्महेष्वासैः पाण्डवानां महारथैः ।
वृतस्तान्योधयामास मद्रराजः प्रतापवान् ॥३१॥

31. sa caturbhirmaheṣvāsaiḥ pāṇḍavānāṁ mahārathaiḥ ,
vṛtastānyodhayāmāsa madrarājaḥ pratāpavān.

31. saḥ caturbhiḥ maheṣvāsaiḥ pāṇḍavānāṃ mahārathaiḥ
vṛtaḥ tān yodhayāmāsa madrarājaḥ pratāpavān

31. saḥ pratāpavān madrarājaḥ caturbhiḥ pāṇḍavānāṃ
maheṣvāsaiḥ mahārathaiḥ vṛtaḥ tān yodhayāmāsa

31. Surrounded by the four great archers and mighty chariot-fighters of the Pandavas, that powerful king of Madras (Shalya) fought against them.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - he

• चतुर्भिः (caturbhiḥ) - by four

• महेष्वासैः (maheṣvāsaiḥ) - by great archers

• पाण्डवानां (pāṇḍavānāṁ) - of the Pandavas

• महारथैः (mahārathaiḥ) - by great chariot-warriors

• वृतः (vṛtaḥ) - surrounded

• तान् (tān) - them

• योधयामास (yodhayāmāsa) - he fought

• मद्रराजः (madrarājaḥ) - Shalya, the king of the Madras region (the king of Madras)

• प्रतापवान् (pratāpavān) - powerful, mighty, glorious

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - he

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

चतुर्भिः (caturbhiḥ) - by four

(numeral)

Note: agrees in gender with maheṣvāsaiḥ and mahārathaiḥ

महेष्वासैः (maheṣvāsaiḥ) - by great archers

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of maheṣvāsa

maheṣvāsa - great archer, mighty bowman

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+iṣvāsa)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• iṣvāsa – archer, bowman (from iṣu 'arrow' + āsa 'thrower/wielder')
  noun (masculine)

पाण्डवानां (pāṇḍavānāṁ) - of the Pandavas

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pandu, Pandava

महारथैः (mahārathaiḥ) - by great chariot-warriors

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of mahāratha

mahāratha - great warrior, great chariot-fighter

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+ratha)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• ratha – chariot, warrior (often used to denote a warrior who fights from a chariot)
  noun (masculine)

वृतः (vṛtaḥ) - surrounded

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vṛta

vṛta - surrounded, covered, chosen

past passive participle

formed from root vṛ (to cover, surround)

Root: vṛ (class 5)

तान् (tān) - them

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

योधयामास (yodhayāmāsa) - he fought

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of yodhaya

periphrastic perfect active

formed from causative stem yodhaya + āmāsa (perfect of ās, to be)

Root: yudh (class 4)

मद्रराजः (madrarājaḥ) - Shalya, the king of the Madras region (the king of Madras)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of madrarāja

madrarāja - king of the Madras

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī tatpuruṣa (madra+rāja)

• madra – name of a people/country
  proper noun (neuter)
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

प्रतापवान् (pratāpavān) - powerful, mighty, glorious

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pratāpavat

pratāpavat - powerful, glorious, splendid, majestic

possessive suffix -vat