महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-89, verse-40

तथा द्रोणेन समरे निगृहीतेषु पाण्डुषु ।
कथं युद्धमभूत्तत्र तन्ममाचक्ष्व संजय ॥४०॥

40. tathā droṇena samare nigṛhīteṣu pāṇḍuṣu ,
kathaṁ yuddhamabhūttatra tanmamācakṣva saṁjaya.

40. tathā droṇena samare nigṛhīteṣu pāṇḍuṣu katham
yuddham abhūt tatra tat mama ācakṣva sañjaya

40. sañjaya tathā droṇena samare nigṛhīteṣu pāṇḍuṣu
tatra yuddham katham abhūt tat mama ācakṣva

40. Then, when the Pāṇḍavas were restrained in battle by Droṇa, how did the battle proceed there? Tell me that, Sañjaya.

Words meanings summery:

• तथा (tathā) - then, likewise (thus, so, in that manner, then)

• द्रोणेन (droṇena) - by the preceptor Droṇa (by Droṇa)

• समरे (samare) - in the battle (in battle, in war)

• निगृहीतेषु (nigṛhīteṣu) - when the Pāṇḍavas were restrained/held in check (in those who are restrained, captured, suppressed)

• पाण्डुषु (pāṇḍuṣu) - when the sons of Pāṇḍu (the Pāṇḍavas) were (in the Pāṇḍavas)

• कथम् (katham) - how? (how? in what manner?)

• युद्धम् (yuddham) - the battle/fighting (battle, fight, war)

• अभूत् (abhūt) - did it happen/proceed (it was, it happened, it became)

• तत्र (tatra) - there (in that battle) (there, in that place)

• तत् (tat) - that (story of the battle) (that, this, it)

• मम (mama) - to me (to me, my, of me)

• आचक्ष्व (ācakṣva) - please tell (tell, relate, describe)

• सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sañjaya (O Sañjaya (name of Vyasa's charioteer))

Words meanings and morphology

तथा (tathā) - then, likewise (thus, so, in that manner, then)

(indeclinable)

द्रोणेन (droṇena) - by the preceptor Droṇa (by Droṇa)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - name of a preceptor and warrior in the Mahābhārata

समरे (samare) - in the battle (in battle, in war)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of samara

samara - battle, war, combat

निगृहीतेषु (nigṛhīteṣu) - when the Pāṇḍavas were restrained/held in check (in those who are restrained, captured, suppressed)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, plural of nigṛhīta

nigṛhīta - restrained, held, captured, suppressed, controlled

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root grah with upasarga ni-

Prefix: ni

Root: grah (class 9)

Note: In locative absolute construction.

पाण्डुषु (pāṇḍuṣu) - when the sons of Pāṇḍu (the Pāṇḍavas) were (in the Pāṇḍavas)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of pāṇḍu

pāṇḍu - name of a king; a descendant of Pāṇḍu

कथम् (katham) - how? (how? in what manner?)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

युद्धम् (yuddham) - the battle/fighting (battle, fight, war)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, fight, war

Root: yudh (class 4)

अभूत् (abhūt) - did it happen/proceed (it was, it happened, it became)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past aorist (luṅ) of bhū

Aorist

Root verb 'bhū' (to be)

Root: bhū (class 1)

तत्र (tatra) - there (in that battle) (there, in that place)

(indeclinable)

Derived from 'tad' (that) with suffix 'tra'

Note: Adverb of place.

तत् (tat) - that (story of the battle) (that, this, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of 'ācakṣva'.

मम (mama) - to me (to me, my, of me)

(pronoun)

singular of aham

aham - I, me

Note: Here in dative sense (tell *to* me).

आचक्ष्व (ācakṣva) - please tell (tell, relate, describe)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of ācakṣ

Imperative

Root cakṣ (to see, say) with upasarga ā-

Prefix: ā

Root: cakṣ (class 2)

सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sañjaya (O Sañjaya (name of Vyasa's charioteer))

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator of the Mahābhārata

Note: Addressed by Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

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