महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-29, verse-4

तत्त्वं धर्मं विचरन्संजयेह मत्तश्च जानासि युधिष्ठिराच्च ।
अथो कस्मात्संजय पाण्डवस्य उत्साहिनः पूरयतः स्वकर्म ।
यथाख्यातमावसतः कुटुम्बं पुराकल्पात्साधु विलोपमात्थ ॥४॥

4. tattvaṁ dharmaṁ vicaransaṁjayeha; mattaśca jānāsi yudhiṣṭhirācca ,
atho kasmātsaṁjaya pāṇḍavasya; utsāhinaḥ pūrayataḥ svakarma ,
yathākhyātamāvasataḥ kuṭumbaṁ; purākalpātsādhu vilopamāttha.

4. tattvam dharmam vicaran sañjaya iha mattaḥ ca
jānāsi yudhiṣṭhirāt ca atho kasmāt sañjaya pāṇḍavasya
utsāhinaḥ pūrayataḥ svakarma yathā ākhyātam
āvasataḥ kuṭumbam purā kalpāt sādhu vilopam āttha

4. O Sañjaya, by reflecting on the true essence of natural law (dharma) here, you understand it both from me and from Yudhiṣṭhira. Therefore, O Sañjaya, why do you rightly speak of the ruin of the zealous Pāṇḍava, who fulfills his own duty (sva-karma) and dwells with his family as has been declared since ancient times?

Words meanings summery:

• तत्त्वम् (tattvam) - true essence, reality (truth, reality, essence, principle)

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - natural law (dharma) (natural law (dharma), duty, righteousness, constitution)

• विचरन् (vicaran) - reflecting on, pondering (reflecting, pondering, wandering)

• सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sañjaya (a proper name)

• इह (iha) - here, in this context (here, in this world, in this matter)

• मत्तः (mattaḥ) - from me

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• जानासि (jānāsi) - you know

• युधिष्ठिरात् (yudhiṣṭhirāt) - from Yudhiṣṭhira

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• अथो (atho) - then, therefore (therefore, then, moreover)

• कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why (why, from what)

• सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sañjaya (a proper name)

• पाण्डवस्य (pāṇḍavasya) - of Yudhiṣṭhira (of the Pāṇḍava)

• उत्साहिनः (utsāhinaḥ) - of the zealous (of the zealous, of the energetic)

• पूरयतः (pūrayataḥ) - of him who fulfills (of him who fulfills, of him who fills)

• स्वकर्म (svakarma) - his own duty (karma) (his own duty (karma), his own action)

• यथा (yathā) - as (as, just as, in what manner)

• आख्यातम् (ākhyātam) - proclaimed, declared (narrated, declared, proclaimed)

• आवसतः (āvasataḥ) - of him who dwells (of him who dwells, residing)

• कुटुम्बम् (kuṭumbam) - family (family, household)

• पुरा (purā) - from ancient times (formerly, anciently, before)

• कल्पात् (kalpāt) - from ancient times, from (the beginning of) an age (from a kalpa (aeon), from a fixed rule, from tradition)

• साधु (sādhu) - rightly, properly (good, proper, right, well)

• विलोपम् (vilopam) - ruin, destruction (destruction, ruin, plundering)

• आत्थ (āttha) - you speak of (you say, you speak)

Words meanings and morphology

तत्त्वम् (tattvam) - true essence, reality (truth, reality, essence, principle)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tattva

tattva - truth, reality, essence, principle, element

धर्मम् (dharmam) - natural law (dharma) (natural law (dharma), duty, righteousness, constitution)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness, virtue, custom, religion

From √dhṛ (to support, sustain)

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

विचरन् (vicaran) - reflecting on, pondering (reflecting, pondering, wandering)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vicarat

vicarat - wandering, reflecting, examining, investigating

Present Active Participle

From √car (to move) with prefix vi- (apart, asunder)

Prefix: vi

Root: car (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'you' (Sañjaya).

सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sañjaya (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - Sañjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and counselor)

इह (iha) - here, in this context (here, in this world, in this matter)

(indeclinable)

मत्तः (mattaḥ) - from me

(pronoun)

Ablative, singular of aham

aham - I

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

जानासि (jānāsi) - you know

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of jñā

present tense, 2nd person singular, active voice

Root: jñā (class 9)

युधिष्ठिरात् (yudhiṣṭhirāt) - from Yudhiṣṭhira

(proper noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhiṣṭhira (the eldest Pāṇḍava)

yudhi (in battle) + sthira (firm)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (yudhi+sthira)

• yudhi – in battle
  noun (feminine)
• sthira – firm, steady
  adjective (masculine)
  From √sthā (to stand)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

अथो (atho) - then, therefore (therefore, then, moreover)

(indeclinable)

कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why (why, from what)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used adverbially for 'why'.

सञ्जय (sañjaya) - O Sañjaya (a proper name)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of sañjaya

sañjaya - Sañjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and counselor)

पाण्डवस्य (pāṇḍavasya) - of Yudhiṣṭhira (of the Pāṇḍava)

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, the Pāṇḍavas

patronymic from Pāṇḍu

Note: Refers to Yudhiṣṭhira.

उत्साहिनः (utsāhinaḥ) - of the zealous (of the zealous, of the energetic)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of utsāhin

utsāhin - zealous, energetic, enthusiastic, persevering

From utsāha (exertion, zeal)

Note: Qualifies 'pāṇḍavasya'.

पूरयतः (pūrayataḥ) - of him who fulfills (of him who fulfills, of him who fills)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of pūrayat

pūrayat - fulfilling, filling, completing

Present Active Participle (causative)

From √pṛ (to fill) with causative -aya, stem pūray

Root: pṛ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'pāṇḍavasya'.

स्वकर्म (svakarma) - his own duty (karma) (his own duty (karma), his own action)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of svakarma

svakarma - one's own action, one's own duty (karma)

sva (own) + karma (action, duty)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sva+karma)

• sva – own, self
  pronoun (neuter)
• karma – action, deed, duty, ritual (karma)
  noun (neuter)
  From √kṛ (to do, to make)
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Object of 'pūrayataḥ'.

यथा (yathā) - as (as, just as, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

आख्यातम् (ākhyātam) - proclaimed, declared (narrated, declared, proclaimed)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of ākhyāta

ākhyāta - narrated, told, declared, proclaimed

Past Passive Participle

From √khyā (to be known) with prefix ā- (towards, fully)

Prefix: ā

Root: khyā (class 2)

Note: Adverbial use, or qualifying an implied 'matter'.

आवसतः (āvasataḥ) - of him who dwells (of him who dwells, residing)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of āvasat

āvasat - dwelling, residing, inhabiting

Present Active Participle

From √vas (to dwell) with prefix ā- (upon, near)

Prefix: ā

Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'pāṇḍavasya'.

कुटुम्बम् (kuṭumbam) - family (family, household)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of kuṭumba

kuṭumba - family, household, lineage

Note: Object of 'āvasataḥ'.

पुरा (purā) - from ancient times (formerly, anciently, before)

(indeclinable)

कल्पात् (kalpāt) - from ancient times, from (the beginning of) an age (from a kalpa (aeon), from a fixed rule, from tradition)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of kalpa

kalpa - a cosmic aeon, a fixed rule, a sacred precept, tradition

From √kḷp (to be arranged)

Root: kḷp (class 1)

Note: Here in the sense of 'from ancient custom/tradition'.

साधु (sādhu) - rightly, properly (good, proper, right, well)

(indeclinable)

From √sādh (to accomplish)

Root: sādh (class 5)

Note: Adverbial usage.

विलोपम् (vilopam) - ruin, destruction (destruction, ruin, plundering)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vilopa

vilopa - destruction, ruin, plunder, violation, disappearance

From √lup (to break, cut off) with prefix vi- (apart)

Prefix: vi

Root: lup (class 6)

Note: Object of 'āttha'.

आत्थ (āttha) - you speak of (you say, you speak)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of ah

perfect tense, 2nd person singular, active voice

Irregular perfect from √ah (to say)

Root: ah (class 2)

Note: Refers to Sañjaya.