महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-4, verse-8

दुर्वसं त्वेव कौरव्या जानता राजवेश्मनि ।
अमानितैः सुमानार्हा अज्ञातैः परिवत्सरम् ॥८॥

8. durvasaṁ tveva kauravyā jānatā rājaveśmani ,
amānitaiḥ sumānārhā ajñātaiḥ parivatsaram.

8. durvasam tu eva kauravyā jānatā rājaveśmani
amānitaiḥ sumānārhāḥ ajñātaiḥ parivatsaram

8. O Kauravya, it is indeed difficult to reside in a royal palace for one who, despite being knowledgeable and highly worthy of respect, is treated without honor and remains unrecognized for a whole year.

Words meanings summery:

• दुर्वसम् (durvasam) - difficult to live in; difficult to dwell

• तु (tu) - indeed (but; indeed; however; on the other hand)

• एव (eva) - indeed (only; just; indeed; certainly)

• कौरव्या (kauravyā) - O descendant of Kuru; O Kauravya

• जानता (jānatā) - by one who is knowledgeable (by one who knows; by a knowing person; by a wise person)

• राजवेश्मनि (rājaveśmani) - in a royal palace; in the king's house

• अमानितैः (amānitaiḥ) - by those who are treated without honor (by those unhonored; by those disrespected)

• सुमानार्हाः (sumānārhāḥ) - highly worthy of respect (those worthy of great honor; highly esteemed)

• अज्ञातैः (ajñātaiḥ) - by those who remain unrecognized (by those unknown; by those unrecognized)

• परिवत्सरम् (parivatsaram) - for a year; throughout the year; a whole year

Words meanings and morphology

दुर्वसम् (durvasam) - difficult to live in; difficult to dwell

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of durvasa

durvasa - difficult to reside; unpleasant to live in

Compound formed with the prefix 'dur-' (difficult, bad) and 'vasa' (dwelling, living).

Compound type : prādi-samāsa (dur+vasa)

• dur – difficult; bad; ill
  indeclinable
• vasa – dwelling; residence; living
  noun (masculine)
  From the root 'vas' (to dwell).
  Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Used adverbially here, meaning 'it is difficult' or 'in a difficult manner'.

तु (tu) - indeed (but; indeed; however; on the other hand)

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - indeed (only; just; indeed; certainly)

(indeclinable)

कौरव्या (kauravyā) - O descendant of Kuru; O Kauravya

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of kauravya

kauravya - descendant of Kuru

Derived from 'Kuru'.

जानता (jānatā) - by one who is knowledgeable (by one who knows; by a knowing person; by a wise person)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of jānat

jānat - knowing; intelligent; wise

Present Active Participle

Present active participle of the root 'jñā' (to know).

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Functions as a substantive here, referring to 'one who knows'.

राजवेश्मनि (rājaveśmani) - in a royal palace; in the king's house

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of rājaveśman

rājaveśman - royal palace; king's house

Tatpuruṣa compound: 'rājan' (king) + 'veśman' (house).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (rājan+veśman)

• rājan – king; ruler
  noun (masculine)
• veśman – house; dwelling; palace
  noun (neuter)

अमानितैः (amānitaiḥ) - by those who are treated without honor (by those unhonored; by those disrespected)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of amānita

amānita - unhonored; disrespected; not shown respect

Past Passive Participle

Negated past passive participle of the root 'man' (to honor, respect) with the negative prefix 'a-'.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+mānita)

• a – un-; not
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• mānita – honored; respected
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Past passive participle of the root 'man' (to honor, respect).
  Root: man (class 4)

Note: Agreeing with an implied subject (e.g., people, individuals).

सुमानार्हाः (sumānārhāḥ) - highly worthy of respect (those worthy of great honor; highly esteemed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sumānārha

sumānārha - worthy of much honor; highly esteemed

Tatpuruṣa compound: 'su' (good, great) + 'māna' (honor) + 'arha' (worthy).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (su+māna+arha)

• su – good; well; very; greatly
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating excellence or intensity.
• māna – honor; respect; esteem
  noun (masculine)
  From the root 'man' (to think, to honor).
  Root: man (class 4)
• arha – worthy; deserving; fitting
  adjective (masculine)
  From the root 'arh' (to be worthy, to deserve).
  Root: arh (class 1)

Note: Visarga dropped in sandhi before 'ajñātaiḥ', but underlying form is with visarga. Agreeing with an implied subject (e.g., people, individuals).

अज्ञातैः (ajñātaiḥ) - by those who remain unrecognized (by those unknown; by those unrecognized)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of ajñāta

ajñāta - unknown; unrecognized; not known

Past Passive Participle

Negated past passive participle of the root 'jñā' (to know) with the negative prefix 'a-'.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+jñāta)

• a – un-; not
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• jñāta – known; perceived
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Past passive participle of the root 'jñā' (to know).
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Agreeing with an implied subject (e.g., people, individuals).

परिवत्सरम् (parivatsaram) - for a year; throughout the year; a whole year

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of parivatsara

parivatsara - a full year; a complete year

Compound of 'pari' (around, completely) and 'vatsara' (year).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (pari+vatsara)

• pari – around; completely; fully
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating completeness or encompassing.
• vatsara – year
  noun (masculine)

Note: Used adverbially to denote duration.