महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-49, verse-40

स निकृत्या जितो राजा पुष्करेणेति नः श्रुतम् ।
वनवासमदुःखार्हो भार्यया न्यवसत्सह ॥४०॥

40. sa nikṛtyā jito rājā puṣkareṇeti naḥ śrutam ,
vanavāsamaduḥkhārho bhāryayā nyavasatsaha.

40. saḥ nikṛtyā jitaḥ rājā puṣkareṇa iti naḥ śrutam
vanavāsam aduḥkhārhaḥ bhāryayā nyavasat saha

40. It is heard by us that this king, though undeserving of distress, was defeated by Puṣkara through deceit and dwelt in the forest with his wife.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - referring to Nala (he, that)

• निकृत्या (nikṛtyā) - by deceit, by fraud

• जितः (jitaḥ) - defeated, conquered

• राजा (rājā) - Nala (king)

• पुष्करेण (puṣkareṇa) - Puṣkara, Nala's cousin/brother who defeated him in dice. (by Puṣkara)

• इति (iti) - thus, so

• नः (naḥ) - by us (our)

• श्रुतम् (śrutam) - it is heard (heard)

• वनवासम् (vanavāsam) - forest dwelling, exile in the forest

• अदुःखार्हः (aduḥkhārhaḥ) - Nala was not meant to suffer such distress. (undeserving of misery/sorrow)

• भार्यया (bhāryayā) - with Damayantī, Nala's wife (with his wife)

• न्यवसत् (nyavasat) - he dwelt, he resided

• सह (saha) - with, together

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - referring to Nala (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, it

निकृत्या (nikṛtyā) - by deceit, by fraud

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of nikṛti

nikṛti - deceit, fraud, humiliation

Prefix: ni

Root: kṛ (class 8)

जितः (jitaḥ) - defeated, conquered

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jita

jita - conquered, defeated, won

past passive participle

from root √ji

Root: ji (class 1)

राजा (rājā) - Nala (king)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king

पुष्करेण (puṣkareṇa) - Puṣkara, Nala's cousin/brother who defeated him in dice. (by Puṣkara)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of puṣkara

puṣkara - lotus; name of a brother of Nala

इति (iti) - thus, so

(indeclinable)

नः (naḥ) - by us (our)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, plural of asmad

asmad - we

enclitic form of asmad, used as genitive, dative, or instrumental plural. Here effectively instrumental.

Note: This enclitic form functions as the agent in the passive construction 'naḥ śrutam'.

श्रुतम् (śrutam) - it is heard (heard)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śruta

śruta - heard, listened, revealed

past passive participle

from root √śru

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Often used impersonally with 'iti' to mean 'it is heard that...'

वनवासम् (vanavāsam) - forest dwelling, exile in the forest

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vanavāsa

vanavāsa - dwelling in the forest, forest exile

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (vana+vāsa)

• vana – forest
  noun (neuter)
• vāsa – dwelling, residence
  noun (masculine)
  Root: vas (class 1)

Note: Accusative indicating motion towards or state of residing in.

अदुःखार्हः (aduḥkhārhaḥ) - Nala was not meant to suffer such distress. (undeserving of misery/sorrow)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aduḥkhārha

aduḥkhārha - unworthy of sorrow, not deserving of distress

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+duḥkhārha)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• duḥkhārha – deserving of sorrow/misery
  adjective (masculine)

Note: The 'a' prefix denotes negation.

भार्यया (bhāryayā) - with Damayantī, Nala's wife (with his wife)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of bhāryā

bhāryā - wife

feminine noun from √bhṛ 'to bear'

from root √bhṛ + ṇyat (passive sense 'one to be supported')

Root: bhṛ (class 1)

न्यवसत् (nyavasat) - he dwelt, he resided

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect past (laṅ) of vas

imperfect tense

root √vas, imperfect 3rd singular active, with prefix ni

Prefix: ni

Root: vas (class 1)

सह (saha) - with, together

(indeclinable)