महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-2, chapter-58, verse-28

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
एतच्छ्रुत्वा व्यवसितो निकृतिं समुपाश्रितः ।
जितमित्येव शकुनिर्युधिष्ठिरमभाषत ॥२८॥

28. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
etacchrutvā vyavasito nikṛtiṁ samupāśritaḥ ,
jitamityeva śakuniryudhiṣṭhiramabhāṣata.

28. vaiśampāyanaḥ uvāca etat śrutvā vyavasitaḥ nikṛtim
samupāśritaḥ jitam iti eva śakuniḥ yudhiṣṭhiram abhāṣata

28. Vaiśampāyana said: Having heard this, Śakuni, determined and having resorted to deceit, then spoke to Yudhiṣṭhira, saying, "It is won!"

Words meanings summery:

• वैशम्पायनः (vaiśampāyanaḥ) - The narrator of the Mahābhārata (Vaiśampāyana)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• एतत् (etat) - the prior statement/situation (this, this fact)

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

• व्यवसितः (vyavasitaḥ) - resolved (to act deceitfully) (determined, resolved, decided)

• निकृतिम् (nikṛtim) - deceit, fraud, unfairness

• समुपाश्रितः (samupāśritaḥ) - having employed deceit (having resorted to, having taken refuge in, having adopted)

• जितम् (jitam) - "It is won!" (won, conquered)

• इति (iti) - thus, so saying, indicating direct speech

• एव (eva) - emphasizes "it is won" (indeed, certainly, only)

• शकुनिः (śakuniḥ) - The maternal uncle of Duryodhana, known for dice expertise (Śakuni)

• युधिष्ठिरम् (yudhiṣṭhiram) - The eldest of the Pāṇḍavas (Yudhiṣṭhira)

• अभाषत (abhāṣata) - spoke, addressed

Words meanings and morphology

वैशम्पायनः (vaiśampāyanaḥ) - The narrator of the Mahābhārata (Vaiśampāyana)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśampāyana

vaiśampāyana - Vaiśampāyana (name of a sage)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect active third person singular

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice of √vac. Irregular formation.

Root: vac (class 2)

एतत् (etat) - the prior statement/situation (this, this fact)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of etat

etat - this, that

Note: Acts as object of śrutvā.

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Absolutive form from √śru.

Root: śru (class 5)

व्यवसितः (vyavasitaḥ) - resolved (to act deceitfully) (determined, resolved, decided)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vyavasita

vyavasita - resolved, determined, undertaken

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle from √so (or √sā) with prefix vi-ava-.

Prefixes: vi+ava

Root: sā (class 4)

Note: Qualifies Śakuni.

निकृतिम् (nikṛtim) - deceit, fraud, unfairness

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of nikṛti

nikṛti - deceit, fraud, injury, offence

From ni-√kṛ (to do, make), signifying ill-doing.

Prefix: ni

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Object of samupāśritaḥ.

समुपाश्रितः (samupāśritaḥ) - having employed deceit (having resorted to, having taken refuge in, having adopted)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samupāśrita

samupāśrita - resorted to, taken refuge in, employed

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle of √śri with prefixes sam-upa-ā-.

Prefixes: sam+upa+ā

Root: śri (class 1)

Note: Qualifies Śakuni.

जितम् (jitam) - "It is won!" (won, conquered)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jita

jita - conquered, won, defeated

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle from √ji.

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Used impersonally, "it is won."

इति (iti) - thus, so saying, indicating direct speech

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - emphasizes "it is won" (indeed, certainly, only)

(indeclinable)

शकुनिः (śakuniḥ) - The maternal uncle of Duryodhana, known for dice expertise (Śakuni)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śakuni

śakuni - a bird; name of a king, Duryodhana's maternal uncle

Note: Subject of abhāṣata.

युधिष्ठिरम् (yudhiṣṭhiram) - The eldest of the Pāṇḍavas (Yudhiṣṭhira)

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhiṣṭhira (name of a king, eldest Pāṇḍava)

Note: Object of abhāṣata.

अभाषत (abhāṣata) - spoke, addressed

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of bhāṣ

imperfect middle third person singular

Imperfect tense, 3rd person singular, middle voice (ātmanepada) of √bhāṣ.

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)