महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-2, chapter-58, verse-10

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
एतच्छ्रुत्वा व्यवसितो निकृतिं समुपाश्रितः ।
जितमित्येव शकुनिर्युधिष्ठिरमभाषत ॥१०॥

10. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
etacchrutvā vyavasito nikṛtiṁ samupāśritaḥ ,
jitamityeva śakuniryudhiṣṭhiramabhāṣata.

10. vaiśaṃpāyanaḥ uvāca etat śrutvā vyavasitaḥ nikṛtim
samupāśritaḥ jitam iti eva śakuniḥ yudhiṣṭhiram abhāṣata

10. Vaiśaṃpāyana said: Having heard this, and being resolute and having resorted to deceit, Śakuni addressed Yudhiṣṭhira, saying, "I have won!"

Words meanings summery:

• वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - Vaiśampayana, the narrator of the Mahābhārata (Vaiśampayana)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• एतत् (etat) - "this" refers to the challenge or statement just made by Yudhiṣṭhira (this)

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

• व्यवसितः (vyavasitaḥ) - determined to win by any means (determined, resolute, resolved)

• निकृतिम् (nikṛtim) - trickery or foul play in the dice game (deceit, fraud, trickery)

• समुपाश्रितः (samupāśritaḥ) - having resorted to deceit (having resorted to, having taken refuge in, having adopted)

• जितम् (jitam) - "I have won!" (referring to the dice game) (won, conquered)

• इति (iti) - introduces direct speech (thus, so)

• एव (eva) - emphasizes the statement "I have won!" (indeed, only, just)

• शकुनिः (śakuniḥ) - The maternal uncle of Duryodhana, known for his cunning and skill in dice (Śakuni (proper name))

• युधिष्ठिरम् (yudhiṣṭhiram) - The eldest Pāṇḍava, known for his adherence to (dharma) (Yudhiṣṭhira (proper name))

• अभाषत (abhāṣata) - spoke to Yudhiṣṭhira (spoke, addressed)

Words meanings and morphology

वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - Vaiśampayana, the narrator of the Mahābhārata (Vaiśampayana)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśaṃpāyana

vaiśaṁpāyana - Name of a famous pupil of Vyāsa; narrator of the Mahābhārata

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect active

3rd person singular, perfect tense, active voice, from the root 'vac'

Root: vac (class 2)

एतत् (etat) - "this" refers to the challenge or statement just made by Yudhiṣṭhira (this)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this, this one

Note: Can be nominative or accusative singular neuter; context implies accusative.

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard, after hearing

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund)

Formed with suffix -tvā from root 'śru'

Root: śru (class 5)

व्यवसितः (vyavasitaḥ) - determined to win by any means (determined, resolute, resolved)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vyavasita

vyavasita - determined, resolute, decided, undertaken, settled

Past Passive Participle

From root 'sā' (to bind, finish) with prefixes 'vi' and 'ava'

Prefixes: vi+ava

Root: sā (class 4)

निकृतिम् (nikṛtim) - trickery or foul play in the dice game (deceit, fraud, trickery)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of nikṛti

nikṛti - deceit, fraud, trickery, wickedness, injury

From prefix 'ni' and root 'kṛ'

Prefix: ni

Root: kṛ (class 8)

समुपाश्रितः (samupāśritaḥ) - having resorted to deceit (having resorted to, having taken refuge in, having adopted)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of samupāśrita

samupāśrita - resorted to, taken refuge in, dependent on, adopted

Past Passive Participle

From root 'śri' (to resort to, cling to) with prefixes 'sam', 'upa', and 'ā'

Prefixes: sam+upa+ā

Root: śri (class 1)

जितम् (jitam) - "I have won!" (referring to the dice game) (won, conquered)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jita

jita - won, conquered, subdued, gained, victorious

Past Passive Participle

From root 'ji'

Root: ji (class 1)

इति (iti) - introduces direct speech (thus, so)

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - emphasizes the statement "I have won!" (indeed, only, just)

(indeclinable)

शकुनिः (śakuniḥ) - The maternal uncle of Duryodhana, known for his cunning and skill in dice (Śakuni (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śakuni

śakuni - a bird; proper name (Śakuni)

युधिष्ठिरम् (yudhiṣṭhiram) - The eldest Pāṇḍava, known for his adherence to (dharma) (Yudhiṣṭhira (proper name))

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - firm in battle; proper name (Yudhiṣṭhira)

Compound: yudhi (in battle, locative of yudh) + sthira (firm)

Compound type : aluk-tatpuruṣa (yudh+sthira)

• yudh – battle, fight
  noun (feminine)
  Root: yudh (class 4)
• sthira – firm, steady, stable, constant
  adjective (masculine)
  From root 'sthā'.
  Root: sthā (class 1)

अभाषत (abhāṣata) - spoke to Yudhiṣṭhira (spoke, addressed)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, imperfect (laṅ) of bhāṣ

Imperfect middle

Augment 'a' + root 'bhāṣ' + ātmanepada ending 'ata'

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)