महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-101, verse-43

अपि चोद्धर्षणं कार्यं भीरूणामपि यत्नतः ।
स्कन्धदर्शनमात्रं तु तिष्ठेयुर्वा समीपतः ॥४३॥

43. api coddharṣaṇaṁ kāryaṁ bhīrūṇāmapi yatnataḥ ,
skandhadarśanamātraṁ tu tiṣṭheyurvā samīpataḥ.

43. api ca uddharṣaṇam kāryam bhīrūṇām api yatnataḥ
skandha-darśana-mātram tu tiṣṭheyuḥ vā samīpataḥ

43. api ca bhīrūṇām api yatnataḥ
uddharṣaṇam kāryam (syāt) tu
(yadi na śakyate) skandha-darśana-mātram
vā samīpataḥ tiṣṭheyuḥ

43. And even the timid should be carefully encouraged. Or, they should remain close enough just to see the shoulders of those in front.

Words meanings summery:

• अपि (api) - even (even, also, too)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• उद्धर्षणम् (uddharṣaṇam) - encouragement (encouragement, rousing, exhilaration)

• कार्यम् (kāryam) - should be done, is to be done (to be done, proper to be done, duty, action)

• भीरूणाम् (bhīrūṇām) - of the timid (soldiers) (of the timid, of the fearful)

• अपि (api) - even (for the timid) (even, also, too)

• यत्नतः (yatnataḥ) - diligently, carefully (diligently, with effort, carefully)

• स्कन्ध-दर्शन-मात्रम् (skandha-darśana-mātram) - just remaining close enough to see the shoulders of those in front (i.e., not falling behind) (merely seeing the shoulder, just seeing a shoulder)

• तु (tu) - or, alternatively (but, however, on the other hand)

• तिष्ठेयुः (tiṣṭheyuḥ) - they should remain (in position) (they should stand, they should remain)

• वा (vā) - or (or, either)

• समीपतः (samīpataḥ) - close by, in close proximity (from nearby, near, close by)

Words meanings and morphology

अपि (api) - even (even, also, too)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes that even the timid should be encouraged.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects this instruction to previous ones.

उद्धर्षणम् (uddharṣaṇam) - encouragement (encouragement, rousing, exhilaration)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of uddharṣaṇa

uddharṣaṇa - encouragement, rousing, gladdening

verbal noun

Derived from ud-hṛṣ (to be pleased, to gladden) with suffix -ana.

Prefix: ud

Root: hṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Subject of the implied predicate 'should be done'.

कार्यम् (kāryam) - should be done, is to be done (to be done, proper to be done, duty, action)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kārya

kārya - to be done, actionable, duty, work

Gerundive

From root kṛ (to do) with suffix -ya.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Used as a predicate, conveying obligation.

भीरूणाम् (bhīrūṇām) - of the timid (soldiers) (of the timid, of the fearful)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of bhīru

bhīru - timid, fearful, cowardly

Note: Refers to the timid soldiers.

अपि (api) - even (for the timid) (even, also, too)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphasizes the need to encourage even the timid.

यत्नतः (yatnataḥ) - diligently, carefully (diligently, with effort, carefully)

(indeclinable)

Derived from yatna (effort) with suffix -tas.

Note: Modifies 'kāryam' (the act of encouraging).

स्कन्ध-दर्शन-मात्रम् (skandha-darśana-mātram) - just remaining close enough to see the shoulders of those in front (i.e., not falling behind) (merely seeing the shoulder, just seeing a shoulder)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of skandha-darśana-mātra

skandha-darśana-mātra - merely seeing the shoulder

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (skandha+darśana+mātra)

• skandha – shoulder, trunk, branch, section
  noun (masculine)
• darśana – seeing, sight, vision, philosophy
  noun (neuter)
  verbal noun
  Derived from root dṛś (to see) with suffix -ana.
  Root: dṛś (class 1)
• mātra – mere, only, measure, quantity
  adjective (neuter)

Note: Functions as an adverbial phrase meaning 'just to the extent of seeing a shoulder'.

तु (tu) - or, alternatively (but, however, on the other hand)

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces an alternative or a contrast.

तिष्ठेयुः (tiṣṭheyuḥ) - they should remain (in position) (they should stand, they should remain)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of sthā

Optative Mood, Parasmaipada, 3rd Person Plural

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Refers to the timid soldiers, expressing a command or recommendation.

वा (vā) - or (or, either)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'encouragement' with 'remaining close'.

समीपतः (samīpataḥ) - close by, in close proximity (from nearby, near, close by)

(indeclinable)

Derived from samīpa (near) with suffix -tas.

Note: Modifies 'tiṣṭheyuḥ'.