महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-101, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
यथा जयार्थिनः सेनां नयन्ति भरतर्षभ ।
ईषद्धर्मं प्रपीड्यापि तन्मे ब्रूहि पितामह ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
yathā jayārthinaḥ senāṁ nayanti bharatarṣabha ,
īṣaddharmaṁ prapīḍyāpi tanme brūhi pitāmaha.

1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca yathā jayārthinaḥ senām nayanti
bharatarṣabha īṣat dharmam prapīḍya api tat me brūhi pitāmaha

1. bharatarṣabha pitāmaha yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca yathā jayārthinaḥ
īṣat dharmam api prapīḍya senām nayanti tat me brūhi

1. Yudhishthira said: "O Best of Bharatas, O Grandfather, please tell me how those who seek victory lead an army, even by slightly infringing upon righteousness (dharma)."

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava brother, addressing his grandfather Bhishma. (Yudhishthira (a proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhishthira said/spoke. (said, spoke)

• यथा (yathā) - Asking 'how' (in what manner) they lead an army. (as, just as, how)

• जयार्थिनः (jayārthinaḥ) - Referring to kings or generals aiming for military success. (those desirous of victory, seekers of victory)

• सेनाम् (senām) - A military force. (army, host)

• नयन्ति (nayanti) - They lead (an army). (they lead, they guide, they conduct)

• भरतर्षभ (bharatarṣabha) - An address to Bhishma, a prominent figure in the Bharata lineage. (O best of Bharatas, O chief of Bharatas)

• ईषत् (īṣat) - Indicating a minor degree of infringement on dharma. (slightly, a little, somewhat)

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - The moral law or proper conduct that one might slightly violate for victory. (righteousness, natural law, duty, virtue)

• प्रपीड्य (prapīḍya) - Having slightly infringed upon (dharma). (having oppressed, having violated, having afflicted)

• अपि (api) - Emphasizing that even a slight violation is included in the inquiry. (even, also, too)

• तत् (tat) - Refers to the act of leading an army as described in the previous clause. (that, this)

• मे (me) - To me (dative case), indicating the recipient of the information. (to me, for me, my)

• ब्रूहि (brūhi) - Tell me (imperative command from Yudhishthira). (tell, speak)

• पितामह (pitāmaha) - Address to Bhishma. (O grandfather)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava brother, addressing his grandfather Bhishma. (Yudhishthira (a proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - steadfast in battle; Yudhishthira (name of a king)

Compound type : aluk-tatpurusha (yudhi+sthira)

• yudhi – in battle
  indeclinable
  Locative of yudh (battle)
• sthira – firm, steady, stable
  adjective (masculine)
  Root: sthā (class 1)

उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhishthira said/spoke. (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect (Lit)

3rd person singular, active voice

Root: vac (class 2)

यथा (yathā) - Asking 'how' (in what manner) they lead an army. (as, just as, how)

(indeclinable)

जयार्थिनः (jayārthinaḥ) - Referring to kings or generals aiming for military success. (those desirous of victory, seekers of victory)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jayārthin

jayārthin - desirous of victory

Compound type : tatpurusha (jaya+arthin)

• jaya – victory, triumph
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ji (class 1)
• arthin – desirous of, seeking, requesting
  adjective (masculine)
  From artha (purpose) + -in (suffix indicating possession/relation)

सेनाम् (senām) - A military force. (army, host)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of senā

senā - army, host, troop

नयन्ति (nayanti) - They lead (an army). (they lead, they guide, they conduct)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of nī

Present indicative, 3rd person plural, active voice

Root: nī (class 1)

भरतर्षभ (bharatarṣabha) - An address to Bhishma, a prominent figure in the Bharata lineage. (O best of Bharatas, O chief of Bharatas)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bharatarṣabha

bharatarṣabha - chief of Bharatas, best among Bharatas

Compound type : tatpurusha (bharata+ṛṣabha)

• bharata – Bharata (name of a king, a people, or India)
  proper noun (masculine)
• ṛṣabha – bull; chief, best, excellent
  noun (masculine)

ईषत् (īṣat) - Indicating a minor degree of infringement on dharma. (slightly, a little, somewhat)

(indeclinable)

धर्मम् (dharmam) - The moral law or proper conduct that one might slightly violate for victory. (righteousness, natural law, duty, virtue)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - dharma; cosmic law, natural law, righteousness, duty, virtue, intrinsic nature, constitution, proper conduct

From root dhṛ (to uphold, support).

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

प्रपीड्य (prapīḍya) - Having slightly infringed upon (dharma). (having oppressed, having violated, having afflicted)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

From prefix pra- + root pīḍ + suffix -ya

Prefix: pra

Root: pīḍ (class 10)

Note: An absolutive indicating a preceding action.

अपि (api) - Emphasizing that even a slight violation is included in the inquiry. (even, also, too)

(indeclinable)

तत् (tat) - Refers to the act of leading an army as described in the previous clause. (that, this)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this (pronoun)

मे (me) - To me (dative case), indicating the recipient of the information. (to me, for me, my)

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, me (1st person pronoun)

Note: Often dative or genitive depending on context; here dative with 'brūhi'.

ब्रूहि (brūhi) - Tell me (imperative command from Yudhishthira). (tell, speak)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of brū

Imperative, 2nd person singular, active voice

Root: brū (class 2)

पितामह (pitāmaha) - Address to Bhishma. (O grandfather)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pitāmaha

pitāmaha - grandfather (father's father)