योगवासिष्ठः yogavāsiṣṭhaḥ - book-5, chapter-46, verse-8

तत्रापश्यद्धनं श्यामं पीनं श्वपचपेटकम् ।
गायन्मृदु वसन्तोत्थं कोकिलानामिव व्रजम् ॥ ८ ॥

tatrāpaśyaddhanaṃ śyāmaṃ pīnaṃ śvapacapeṭakam ,
gāyanmṛdu vasantotthaṃ kokilānāmiva vrajam 8

8. tatra apaśyat ghanam śyāmam pīnam śvapacapeṭakam
gāyat mṛdu vasanta-uttham kokilānām iva vrajam

8. tatra saḥ ghanam śyāmam pīnam śvapacapeṭakam mṛdu gāyat
(tathā) vasanta-uttham kokilānām vrajam iva apaśyat

8. There he saw a stout, dark, and robust group of dog-eaters, singing softly, like a flock of cuckoos chanting spring melodies.

Words meanings summery:

• तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

• अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - he saw

• घनम् (ghanam) - Here, implying numerous or compact. (dense, thick, abundant)

• श्यामम् (śyāmam) - dark, black, dark-skinned

• पीनम् (pīnam) - stout, thick, robust, well-fed

• श्वपचपेटकम् (śvapacapeṭakam) - a group of dog-eaters (untouchables)

• गायत् (gāyat) - singing, chanting

• मृदु (mṛdu) - softly, gently, tenderly

• वसन्त-उत्थम् (vasanta-uttham) - Referring to melodies or songs that are typical of spring. (born of spring, relating to spring)

• कोकिलानाम् (kokilānām) - of the cuckoos

• इव (iva) - like, as

• व्रजम् (vrajam) - flock, herd, multitude, group

Words meanings and morphology

तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

(indeclinable)

Locative adverb from `tad`.

Note: Locative adverb.

अपश्यत् (apaśyat) - he saw

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of paś

Imperfect, 3rd person singular, active voice

From root `dṛś` (class 1), which uses the stem `paśya` in the present system. `a-` prefix indicates imperfect.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: The subject is implied from previous verses.

घनम् (ghanam) - Here, implying numerous or compact. (dense, thick, abundant)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of ghana

ghana - dense, thick, solid, compact, abundant

Root: han

श्यामम् (śyāmam) - dark, black, dark-skinned

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of śyāma

śyāma - dark, black, dark-blue, dark-skinned

पीनम् (pīnam) - stout, thick, robust, well-fed

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of pīna

pīna - plump, fat, thick, stout, swollen, robust

Past Passive Participle

From root `pyāy` 'to swell, grow fat'.

Root: pyāy (class 1)

श्वपचपेटकम् (śvapacapeṭakam) - a group of dog-eaters (untouchables)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of śvapacapeṭaka

śvapacapeṭaka - group/band of dog-eaters (Chandalas)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śvapaca+peṭaka)

• śvapaca – dog-eater, Chandala, outcaste
  noun (masculine)
  Compound of `śvan` (dog) and `paca` (cook/eater).
• peṭaka – basket, box, group, collection
  noun (masculine/neuter)

Note: Object of `apaśyat`.

गायत् (gāyat) - singing, chanting

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gāyat

gāyat - singing, chanting

Present Active Participle

From root `gai` (class 1) 'to sing'.

Root: gai (class 1)

Note: Referring to the individuals within the group.

मृदु (mṛdu) - softly, gently, tenderly

(indeclinable)

Used adverbially here.

Note: Adverbial usage.

वसन्त-उत्थम् (vasanta-uttham) - Referring to melodies or songs that are typical of spring. (born of spring, relating to spring)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vasanta-uttha

vasanta-uttha - arisen/born from spring, pertaining to spring

`uttha` is from `ud-sthā` (to rise).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (vasanta+uttha)

• vasanta – spring (season)
  noun (masculine)
• uttha – risen, produced, sprung from
  adjective (masculine/neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From `ud-sthā` (to rise up).
  Prefix: ud
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Modifies `vrajam` or implied song.

कोकिलानाम् (kokilānām) - of the cuckoos

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of kokila

kokila - cuckoo (bird)

Feminine form `kokilā` also exists.

Note: Possessive, 'of the cuckoos'.

इव (iva) - like, as

(indeclinable)

Particle indicating comparison.

व्रजम् (vrajam) - flock, herd, multitude, group

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vraja

vraja - herd, flock, troop, group, abode, pasture

From root `vraj` 'to go'.

Root: vraj (class 1)

Note: Object of comparison with `śvapacapeṭakam`.