महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-21, verse-39

तेषां शस्त्रसमुद्भूतं रजस्तीव्रमदृश्यत ।
प्रवातेनोद्धतं राजन्धावद्भिश्चाश्वसादिभिः ॥३९॥

39. teṣāṁ śastrasamudbhūtaṁ rajastīvramadṛśyata ,
pravātenoddhataṁ rājandhāvadbhiścāśvasādibhiḥ.

39. teṣām śastra-samudbhūtam rajaḥ tīvram adṛśyata
pravātena uddhatam rājan dhāvadbhiḥ ca aśva-sādibhiḥ

39. rājan teṣām śastra-samudbhūtam tīvram rajaḥ ca
pravātena aśva-sādibhiḥ dhāvadbhiḥ uddhatam adṛśyata

39. O King, an intense dust, produced by their weapons and stirred up by the wind and by the galloping horsemen, became visible.

Words meanings summery:

• तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them, their

• शस्त्र-समुद्भूतम् (śastra-samudbhūtam) - arisen from weapons, produced by weapons

• रजः (rajaḥ) - dust, pollen, impurity

• तीव्रम् (tīvram) - intense, sharp, fierce

• अदृश्यत (adṛśyata) - was seen, became visible

• प्रवातेन (pravātena) - by the wind, by the breeze

• उद्धतम् (uddhatam) - stirred up, lifted, agitated

• राजन् (rājan) - O King!

• धावद्भिः (dhāvadbhiḥ) - by those running, by galloping (ones)

• च (ca) - and

• अश्व-सादिभिः (aśva-sādibhiḥ) - by horsemen, by those riding horses

Words meanings and morphology

तेषाम् (teṣām) - of them, their

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Refers to the warriors.

शस्त्र-समुद्भूतम् (śastra-samudbhūtam) - arisen from weapons, produced by weapons

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śastra-samudbhūta

śastra-samudbhūta - arisen from weapons

Past Passive Participle

Compound of 'śastra' (weapon) and 'samudbhūta' (arisen, produced). 'samudbhūta' is derived from root 'bhū' (to be, to arise) with prefixes 'sam' and 'ud'.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śastra+samudbhūta)

• śastra – weapon, instrument
  noun (neuter)
  Root: śas (class 2)
• samudbhūta – arisen, produced, manifested
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root 'bhū' (to be, to arise) with prefixes 'sam' and 'ud'.
  Prefixes: sam+ud
  Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'rajaḥ'.

रजः (rajaḥ) - dust, pollen, impurity

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, pollen, gloom, passion

तीव्रम् (tīvram) - intense, sharp, fierce

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tīvra

tīvra - intense, sharp, strong, fierce, violent

Note: Modifies 'rajaḥ'.

अदृश्यत (adṛśyata) - was seen, became visible

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, past imperfect (laṅ) of dṛś

Imperfect Passive

Root 'dṛś', ātmanepada, 3rd person singular, imperfect, passive voice, with augment 'a-'.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

प्रवातेन (pravātena) - by the wind, by the breeze

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of pravāta

pravāta - wind, breeze

Derived from root 'vā' (to blow) with prefix 'pra'.

Prefix: pra

Root: vā (class 2)

उद्धतम् (uddhatam) - stirred up, lifted, agitated

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of uddhata

uddhata - stirred up, lifted, arrogant, violent

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'han' (to strike, to move) with prefix 'ud'. Also seen as from 'dhā' with 'ud'. Here, 'stirred up'.

Prefix: ud

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Modifies 'rajaḥ'.

राजन् (rājan) - O King!

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Note: Addressed to Dhṛtarāṣṭra.

धावद्भिः (dhāvadbhiḥ) - by those running, by galloping (ones)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of dhāvat

dhāvat - running, moving swiftly

Present Active Participle

Derived from root 'dhāv' (to run). Used here as a substantive referring to those who are running (horses or horsemen).

Root: dhāv (class 1)

Note: Refers to the horsemen and their horses.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

अश्व-सादिभिः (aśva-sādibhiḥ) - by horsemen, by those riding horses

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of aśva-sādin

aśva-sādin - horseman, cavalryman

Compound of 'aśva' (horse) and 'sādin' (rider). 'sādin' from root 'sad' (to sit, to mount).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (aśva+sādin)

• aśva – horse
  noun (masculine)
• sādin – rider, one who sits on
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun
  Derived from root 'sad' (to sit) with suffix '-in'.
  Root: sad (class 1)