महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-6, verse-8

ततो दुर्योधनो राजा साम्ना परमवल्गुना ।
तानाभाष्य महेष्वासान्प्राप्तकालमभाषत ॥८॥

8. tato duryodhano rājā sāmnā paramavalgunā ,
tānābhāṣya maheṣvāsānprāptakālamabhāṣata.

8. tataḥ duryodhanaḥ rājā sāmnā paramavalguna
tān ābhāṣya maheṣvāsān prāptakālam abhāṣata

8. tataḥ rājā duryodhanaḥ paramavalguna sāmnā
tān maheṣvāsān ābhāṣya prāptakālam abhāṣata

8. Then King Duryodhana, having addressed those great archers with exceedingly gentle and pleasing words of conciliation, spoke appropriately for the occasion.

Words meanings summery:

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, therefrom, afterwards

• दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana

• राजा (rājā) - king

• साम्ना (sāmnā) - with conciliation, with gentle words

• परमवल्गुन (paramavalguna) - with exceedingly pleasing, very gentle

• तान् (tān) - the great archers (maheṣvāsān) (them)

• आभाष्य (ābhāṣya) - having addressed

• महेष्वासान् (maheṣvāsān) - great archers

• प्राप्तकालम् (prāptakālam) - appropriately, at the right time

• अभाषत (abhāṣata) - he spoke

Words meanings and morphology

ततः (tataḥ) - then, therefrom, afterwards

(indeclinable)

Ablative suffix -tas added to tad (that).

दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (name of the eldest Kaurava prince)

"difficult to conquer" (dur- "bad, difficult" + yodhana "fighting, warrior" from yudh "to fight")

Compound type : bahuvrihi (dur+yodhana)

• dur – bad, difficult, hard, evil
  indeclinable
  prefix
• yodhana – fighting, warring, warrior, battle
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root yudh (to fight).
  Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

राजा (rājā) - king

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, sovereign, ruler

Root: rāj

Note: Appositive to Duryodhana.

साम्ना (sāmnā) - with conciliation, with gentle words

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of sāman

sāman - conciliation, gentle speech, soothing words, chant

परमवल्गुन (paramavalguna) - with exceedingly pleasing, very gentle

(adjective)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of paramavalgu

paramavalgu - exceedingly pleasing, very gentle, charming

Compound type : karmadharaya (parama+valgu)

• parama – supreme, highest, utmost, most excellent
  adjective (masculine)
• valgu – pleasing, beautiful, charming, gentle
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Agrees with 'sāmnā'.

तान् (tān) - the great archers (maheṣvāsān) (them)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those, he, she, it

Note: Object of 'ābhāṣya'.

आभाष्य (ābhāṣya) - having addressed

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From ā-bhāṣ (to speak to, address).

Prefix: ā

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)

Note: Expresses an action completed before the main verb 'abhāṣata'.

महेष्वासान् (maheṣvāsān) - great archers

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of maheṣvāsa

maheṣvāsa - great archer, mighty bowman

"mahā" (great) + "iṣvāsa" (archer, bowman).

Compound type : karmadharaya (mahā+iṣvāsa)

• mahā – great, mighty, large
  adjective
• iṣvāsa – archer, bowman (literally 'arrow-thrower')
  noun (masculine)
  From iṣu (arrow) + āsa (throwing, from root as 'to throw')
  Prefix: ā
  Root: as (class 4)

Note: Object of 'ābhāṣya'.

प्राप्तकालम् (prāptakālam) - appropriately, at the right time

(indeclinable)

Literally "whose time has arrived" (prāpta "arrived, obtained" + kāla "time").

Compound type : bahuvrihi (prāpta+kāla)

• prāpta – obtained, reached, arrived
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From pra-āp (to obtain, reach).
  Prefix: pra
  Root: āp (class 5)
• kāla – time, season, opportunity
  noun (masculine)

Note: Functions as an adverb modifying 'abhāṣata'.

अभाषत (abhāṣata) - he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of bhāṣ

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)