महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-59, verse-37

मध्यंदिनगतं सूर्यं प्रतपन्तमिवाम्बरे ।
न शक्नुवन्ति सैन्यानि पाण्डवं प्रतिवीक्षितुम् ॥३७॥

37. madhyaṁdinagataṁ sūryaṁ pratapantamivāmbare ,
na śaknuvanti sainyāni pāṇḍavaṁ prativīkṣitum.

37. madhyandinagatam sūryam pratatapantam iva ambare
na śaknuvanti sainyāni pāṇḍavam prativīkṣitum

37. The armies are unable to gaze upon Pāṇḍu's son (Arjuna), who is like the midday sun intensely shining in the sky.

Words meanings summery:

• मध्यन्दिनगतम् (madhyandinagatam) - at its zenith, like the midday sun (gone to midday, reached midday)

• सूर्यम् (sūryam) - sun

• प्रततपन्तम् (pratatapantam) - scorching, intensely shining, burning

• इव (iva) - as if, like

• अम्बरे (ambare) - in the sky

• न (na) - not, no

• शक्नुवन्ति (śaknuvanti) - they are able, they can

• सैन्यानि (sainyāni) - armies, troops

• पाण्डवम् (pāṇḍavam) - the son of Pāṇḍu, Arjuna

• प्रतिवीक्षितुम् (prativīkṣitum) - to look towards, to gaze at

Words meanings and morphology

मध्यन्दिनगतम् (madhyandinagatam) - at its zenith, like the midday sun (gone to midday, reached midday)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of madhyandinagata

madhyandinagata - arrived at midday, at its zenith (like the sun)

Compound of 'madhyandina' (midday) and 'gata' (gone, reached).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (madhyandina+gata)

• madhyandina – midday, noon
  noun (masculine)
• gata – gone, reached, arrived
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root gam (to go).
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'sūryam'.

सूर्यम् (sūryam) - sun

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sūrya

sūrya - sun, sun-god

Note: Object of comparison for Pāṇḍu's son (Arjuna).

प्रततपन्तम् (pratatapantam) - scorching, intensely shining, burning

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pratapant

pratapant - scorching, intensely shining, burning, glowing

Present Active Participle

From root tap (to heat, burn) with prefix pra- (intensive).

Prefix: pra

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'sūryam'.

इव (iva) - as if, like

(indeclinable)

अम्बरे (ambare) - in the sky

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of ambara

ambara - sky, atmosphere, garment

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates the verb 'śaknuvanti'.

शक्नुवन्ति (śaknuvanti) - they are able, they can

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of śak

Present, 3rd Person Plural

From root śak (to be able) of the 5th class (svādi).

Root: śak (class 5)

सैन्यानि (sainyāni) - armies, troops

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of sainya

sainya - army, troops, military forces

Derived from 'senā' (army).

Note: Subject of the main clause.

पाण्डवम् (pāṇḍavam) - the son of Pāṇḍu, Arjuna

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, son of Pāṇḍu (e.g., Arjuna, Bhīma, Yudhiṣṭhira)

Patronymic from Pāṇḍu.

Note: Object of 'prativīkṣitum'.

प्रतिवीक्षितुम् (prativīkṣitum) - to look towards, to gaze at

(indeclinable)

Infinitive

From root īkṣ (to see) with prefixes prati- and vi-.

Prefixes: prati+vi

Root: īkṣ (class 1)