महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-149, verse-40

तस्माद्देशे च दुर्गे च शत्रुमित्रबलेषु च ।
नित्यं चारेण बोद्धव्यं स्थानं वृद्धिः क्षयस्तथा ॥४०॥

40. tasmāddeśe ca durge ca śatrumitrabaleṣu ca ,
nityaṁ cāreṇa boddhavyaṁ sthānaṁ vṛddhiḥ kṣayastathā.

40. tasmāt deśe ca durge ca śatrumitrabaleṣu ca nityam
cāreṇa boddhavyam sthānam vṛddhiḥ kṣayaḥ tathā

40. Therefore, in one's own country, in forts, and regarding the forces of both enemies and allies, one must constantly ascertain through spies the current state, growth, and decline.

Words meanings summery:

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that, for that reason

• देशे (deśe) - in one's own country (in the country, in the region, in the place)

• च (ca) - and

• दुर्गे (durge) - in the fort, in the stronghold, in a difficult place

• च (ca) - and

• शत्रुमित्रबलेषु (śatrumitrabaleṣu) - among the forces of enemies and friends

• च (ca) - and

• नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly, always, perpetually

• चारेण (cāreṇa) - by means of a spy, by secret information

• बोद्धव्यम् (boddhavyam) - should be known, must be understood, knowable

• स्थानम् (sthānam) - the current state of affairs (situation, position, condition, state)

• वृद्धिः (vṛddhiḥ) - positive development (growth, increase, prosperity, rise)

• क्षयः (kṣayaḥ) - negative development (decline, decay, loss, destruction)

• तथा (tathā) - thus, in that manner, similarly, and

Words meanings and morphology

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that, for that reason

(indeclinable)

Note: Ablative used as an adverb.

देशे (deśe) - in one's own country (in the country, in the region, in the place)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of deśa

deśa - country, region, place, quarter

Root: diś (class 6)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

दुर्गे (durge) - in the fort, in the stronghold, in a difficult place

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of durga

durga - fort, stronghold, difficult place, inaccessible place

From dur (bad, difficult) + gam (to go)

Root: gam (class 1)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

शत्रुमित्रबलेषु (śatrumitrabaleṣu) - among the forces of enemies and friends

(noun)

Locative, neuter, plural of śatrumitrabala

śatrumitrabala - forces of enemies and friends

Compound type : dvandva (śatru+mitra+bala)

• śatru – enemy, foe
  noun (masculine)
  Root: śat
• mitra – friend, companion, ally
  noun (masculine)
  Root: mid (class 4)
• bala – strength, power, force, army, troops
  noun (neuter)
  Root: bal (class 1)

Note: Refers to the collective armies/power of both enemies and allies.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Used to connect multiple locative phrases.

नित्यम् (nityam) - constantly, always, perpetually

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb modifying boddhavyam

चारेण (cāreṇa) - by means of a spy, by secret information

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of cāra

cāra - spy, secret agent, movement, going

From car + ghañ suffix (agent or action)

Root: car (class 1)

बोद्धव्यम् (boddhavyam) - should be known, must be understood, knowable

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of boddhavya

boddhavya - to be known, to be understood, knowable

Gerundive (N. fut. pass. part.)

From budh + tavya suffix

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Implies an obligation or necessity.

स्थानम् (sthānam) - the current state of affairs (situation, position, condition, state)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sthāna

sthāna - place, position, situation, state, standing

From sthā + lyuṭ suffix

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Refers to the current state of affairs.

वृद्धिः (vṛddhiḥ) - positive development (growth, increase, prosperity, rise)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of vṛddhi

vṛddhi - growth, increase, prosperity, augmentation, rise

From vṛdh + ktin suffix

Root: vṛdh (class 1)

Note: Refers to positive development.

क्षयः (kṣayaḥ) - negative development (decline, decay, loss, destruction)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣaya

kṣaya - decay, decline, loss, destruction, waste

From kṣi + ac suffix

Root: kṣi (class 1)

Note: Refers to negative development.

तथा (tathā) - thus, in that manner, similarly, and

(indeclinable)

From tad + thāl suffix

Note: Acts as a conjunctive here.