महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-126, verse-40

तेन सोमकुलोत्पन्नो गान्धाराधिपतिर्महान् ।
गर्जन्निव महामेघः प्रमथ्य निहतः शरैः ॥४०॥

40. tena somakulotpanno gāndhārādhipatirmahān ,
garjanniva mahāmeghaḥ pramathya nihataḥ śaraiḥ.

40. tena somakulotpannaḥ gāndhārādhipatiḥ mahān
garjan iva mahāmeghaḥ pramathya nihataḥ śaraiḥ

40. By him, the great lord of Gandhāra, born in the Soma dynasty, who roared like a mighty cloud, was crushed and killed by arrows.

Words meanings summery:

• तेन (tena) - by him, by that

• सोमकुलोत्पन्नः (somakulotpannaḥ) - born in the Soma dynasty, descended from the Moon dynasty

• गान्धाराधिपतिः (gāndhārādhipatiḥ) - the lord of Gandhāra, ruler of Gandhāra

• महान् (mahān) - great, mighty, large

• गर्जन् (garjan) - roaring, thundering

• इव (iva) - like, as, as if

• महामेघः (mahāmeghaḥ) - a great cloud, a thundercloud

• प्रमथ्य (pramathya) - having crushed, having overwhelmed, having agitated

• निहतः (nihataḥ) - killed, struck down, slain

• शरैः (śaraiḥ) - by arrows

Words meanings and morphology

तेन (tena) - by him, by that

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Agent of the killing.

सोमकुलोत्पन्नः (somakulotpannaḥ) - born in the Soma dynasty, descended from the Moon dynasty

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of somakulotpanna

somakulotpanna - born in the Soma dynasty (Moon dynasty)

Compound of Soma (Moon, a dynasty's founder), kula (family/dynasty), and utpanna (born).

Compound type : tatpurusha (soma+kula+utpanna)

• soma – Moon, Soma (deity and plant)
  noun (masculine)
• kula – family, lineage, dynasty
  noun (neuter)
• utpanna – born, produced, arisen
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From prefix ut- + root pad (to go, to fall).
  Prefix: ut
  Root: pad (class 4)

Note: Modifies the king of Gandhāra.

गान्धाराधिपतिः (gāndhārādhipatiḥ) - the lord of Gandhāra, ruler of Gandhāra

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gāndhārādhipati

gāndhārādhipati - ruler/lord of Gandhāra

Compound of Gandhāra (a region) + adhipati (lord).

Compound type : tatpurusha (gāndhāra+adhipati)

• gāndhāra – Gandhāra (an ancient kingdom/region)
  proper noun (masculine)
• adhipati – lord, ruler, sovereign
  noun (masculine)
  From prefix adhi- + root pa (to protect).
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: pā (class 2)

Note: The object of the action (killed), presented in nominative because 'nihataḥ' is passive.

महान् (mahān) - great, mighty, large

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, vast, mighty

Note: Modifies the lord of Gandhāra.

गर्जन् (garjan) - roaring, thundering

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of garjat

garjat - roaring, thundering

Present Active Participle

Derived from verb root garj (to roar, to thunder).

Root: garj (class 1)

Note: Modifies the lord of Gandhāra, implying his aggressive nature.

इव (iva) - like, as, as if

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'garjan' to 'mahāmeghaḥ' in a simile.

महामेघः (mahāmeghaḥ) - a great cloud, a thundercloud

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahāmegha

mahāmegha - great cloud, thundercloud

Compound of mahat (great) and megha (cloud).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahat+megha)

• mahat – great, large
  adjective
• megha – cloud
  noun (masculine)
  Root: mih (class 1)

Note: The object of comparison for the king's roar.

प्रमथ्य (pramathya) - having crushed, having overwhelmed, having agitated

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from verb root math (to churn, to crush) with prefix pra-.

Prefix: pra

Root: math (class 1)

Note: Describes the manner in which the king was defeated.

निहतः (nihataḥ) - killed, struck down, slain

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nihata

nihata - killed, struck down, destroyed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from verb root han (to strike, to kill) with prefix ni-.

Prefix: ni

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'gāndhārādhipatiḥ' in number and gender.

शरैः (śaraiḥ) - by arrows

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śara

śara - arrow

Root: śṛ (class 9)

Note: Instrument of killing.