महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-16, chapter-4, verse-42

तं तु पश्यन्महाबाहुर्जानन्कालस्य पर्ययम् ।
मुसलं समवष्टभ्य तस्थौ स मधुसूदनः ॥४२॥

42. taṁ tu paśyanmahābāhurjānankālasya paryayam ,
musalaṁ samavaṣṭabhya tasthau sa madhusūdanaḥ.

42. tam tu paśyan mahābāhuḥ jānan kālasya paryayam
musalam samavaṣṭabhya tasthau saḥ madhusūdanaḥ

42. tu saḥ mahābāhuḥ madhusūdanaḥ tam paśyan kālasya
paryayam jānan musalam samavaṣṭabhya tasthau

42. But the mighty-armed one, Madhusūdana, observing that and knowing the inevitable course of time, stood firm, grasping the mace.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - that (destruction, the previous scene of violence) (him, that)

• तु (tu) - but, however (but, on the other hand, however)

• पश्यन् (paśyan) - observing (the unfolding catastrophe) (seeing, observing)

• महाबाहुः (mahābāhuḥ) - an epithet for Krishna, meaning one with mighty arms, capable of great deeds (mighty-armed, great-armed)

• जानन् (jānan) - knowing, comprehending (knowing, understanding)

• कालस्य (kālasya) - of time, referring to the predetermined course of events (of time, of the right time)

• पर्ययम् (paryayam) - the inevitable course or turn (of events, leading to destruction) (turn, course, revolution, end)

• मुसलम् (musalam) - the divine mace (responsible for the Yadavas' destruction) (mace, club)

• समवष्टभ्य (samavaṣṭabhya) - having firmly grasped, holding on to (having grasped, having held firm, having supported)

• तस्थौ (tasthau) - he stood (firmly, observing the events) (he stood)

• सः (saḥ) - that (well-known) one, he (he, that)

• मधुसूदनः (madhusūdanaḥ) - Krishna, the slayer of the demon Madhu (slayer of Madhu (epithet of Vishnu/Krishna))

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - that (destruction, the previous scene of violence) (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, him, it

Note: Object of 'paśyan'.

तु (tu) - but, however (but, on the other hand, however)

(indeclinable)

particle.

पश्यन् (paśyan) - observing (the unfolding catastrophe) (seeing, observing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of paśyat

paśyat - seeing, observing, looking

Present Active Participle

From root √dṛś (class 1, often takes paśy- stem in present).

Root: dṛś (class 1)

महाबाहुः (mahābāhuḥ) - an epithet for Krishna, meaning one with mighty arms, capable of great deeds (mighty-armed, great-armed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahābāhu

mahābāhu - mighty-armed, strong-armed

Bahuvrīhi compound: mahā (great) + bāhu (arm).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+bāhu)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective (feminine)
  Feminine form of 'mahat'.
• bāhu – arm
  noun (masculine)

Note: Modifies 'madhusūdanaḥ'.

जानन् (jānan) - knowing, comprehending (knowing, understanding)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jānat

jānat - knowing, understanding, aware

Present Active Participle

From root √jñā (class 9) 'to know'.

Root: jñā (class 9)

कालस्य (kālasya) - of time, referring to the predetermined course of events (of time, of the right time)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of kāla

kāla - time, season, period, fate

Root: kal

Note: Connects with 'paryayam'.

पर्ययम् (paryayam) - the inevitable course or turn (of events, leading to destruction) (turn, course, revolution, end)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of paryaya

paryaya - turn, revolution, change, course, end, destruction

From pari + √i 'to go'.

Prefix: pari

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Object of 'jānan'.

मुसलम् (musalam) - the divine mace (responsible for the Yadavas' destruction) (mace, club)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of musala

musala - mace, club, pestle

Note: Object of 'samavaṣṭabhya'.

समवष्टभ्य (samavaṣṭabhya) - having firmly grasped, holding on to (having grasped, having held firm, having supported)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

Formed by adding -ya to root √stambh (class 5) with prefixes sam- and ava-.

Prefixes: sam+ava

Root: stambh (class 5)

Note: Action performed before 'tasthau'.

तस्थौ (tasthau) - he stood (firmly, observing the events) (he stood)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect past (lit) of sthā

Perfect Tense

Root √sthā (class 1). Perfect third person singular.

Root: sthā (class 1)

सः (saḥ) - that (well-known) one, he (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

masculine nominative singular.

मधुसूदनः (madhusūdanaḥ) - Krishna, the slayer of the demon Madhu (slayer of Madhu (epithet of Vishnu/Krishna))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of madhusūdana

madhusūdana - slayer of Madhu (an epithet of Vishnu/Krishna)

Tatpuruṣa compound: Madhu (name of a demon) + sūdana (slayer).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (madhu+sūdana)

• madhu – name of a demon, honey, sweet
  proper noun (masculine)
• sūdana – destroyer, killer, slayer
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun from root √sūd (to destroy).
  Root: sūd (class 10)

Note: Subject of the sentence.