महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-12, verse-9

अथ पीतोदकं सोऽश्वं वृक्षे बद्ध्वा नृपोत्तमः ।
अवगाह्य ततः स्नातो राजा स्त्रीत्वमवाप ह ॥९॥

9. atha pītodakaṁ so'śvaṁ vṛkṣe baddhvā nṛpottamaḥ ,
avagāhya tataḥ snāto rājā strītvamavāpa ha.

9. atha pīta-udakam saḥ aśvam vṛkṣe baddhvā nṛpa-uttamaḥ
avagāhya tataḥ snātaḥ rājā strītvam avāpa ha

9. Then, after his horse had drunk water, the best of kings tied it to a tree. Having then immersed himself and bathed (in the lake), the king indeed attained womanhood.

Words meanings summery:

• अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

• पीतोदकम् (pītodakam) - after the horse had drunk water (having drunk water (water that has been drunk))

• सः (saḥ) - he

• अश्वम् (aśvam) - the horse

• वृक्षे (vṛkṣe) - on a tree, to a tree

• बद्ध्वा (baddhvā) - having tied

• नृपोत्तमः (nṛpottamaḥ) - the best of kings

• अवगाह्य (avagāhya) - having entered, having plunged into

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, from there

• स्नातः (snātaḥ) - having bathed

• राजा (rājā) - the king

• स्त्रीत्वम् (strītvam) - womanhood, femaleness

• अवाप (avāpa) - he attained, he obtained

• ह (ha) - indeed, verily

Words meanings and morphology

अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

(indeclinable)

Particle indicating commencement or succession.

पीतोदकम् (pītodakam) - after the horse had drunk water (having drunk water (water that has been drunk))

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of pītodaka

pītodaka - having drunk water, water that has been drunk

Compound of pīta (drunk, PPP of √pā) and udaka (water). It refers to the state of having water drunk.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (pīta+udaka)

• pīta – drunk, imbibed
  participle
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root √pā (to drink).
  Root: pā (class 1)
• udaka – water
  noun (neuter)

Note: In this context, it functions as an accusative noun or adjective agreeing with aśvam, referring to the state of the horse after drinking.

सः (saḥ) - he

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun, nominative singular masculine.

अश्वम् (aśvam) - the horse

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of aśva

aśva - horse

Note: Object of baddhvā.

वृक्षे (vṛkṣe) - on a tree, to a tree

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of vṛkṣa

vṛkṣa - tree

Masculine noun.

Note: Indicates location where the horse was tied.

बद्ध्वा (baddhvā) - having tied

(indeclinable)

Absolutive / Gerund

Derived from root √bandh (to bind, tie).

Root: bandh (class 9)

नृपोत्तमः (nṛpottamaḥ) - the best of kings

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nṛpottama

nṛpottama - best among kings, excellent king

Compound of nṛpa (king) and uttama (best, excellent).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nṛpa+uttama)

• nṛpa – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
• uttama – best, highest, supreme
  adjective
  Superlative of ut.
  Prefix: ut

Note: Refers to the king.

अवगाह्य (avagāhya) - having entered, having plunged into

(indeclinable)

Absolutive / Gerund

Derived from root √gāh (to plunge, dive) with prefix ava.

Prefix: ava

Root: gāh (class 1)

Note: Refers to the action of the king.

ततः (tataḥ) - then, from there

(indeclinable)

Adverbial from tad (that).

Note: Indicates sequence of events.

स्नातः (snātaḥ) - having bathed

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of snāta

snāta - bathed, purified by bathing

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root √snā (to bathe).

Root: snā (class 2)

Note: Agrees with rājā.

राजा (rājā) - the king

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Masculine noun ending in -an.

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Subject of avāpa.

स्त्रीत्वम् (strītvam) - womanhood, femaleness

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of strītva

strītva - state of being a woman, womanhood, femaleness

Derived from strī (woman) with suffix -tva (abstract noun forming suffix).

Note: Object of avāpa.

अवाप (avāpa) - he attained, he obtained

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of āp

Perfect Active

Perfect (lit), 3rd person singular, active voice of √āp (to obtain, reach) with prefix ava.

Prefix: ava

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: Subject is rājā.

ह (ha) - indeed, verily

(indeclinable)

Used for emphasis or to indicate a past event or a well-known fact.