महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-60, verse-34

यश्च कश्चिद्द्विजातीनां शूद्रः शुश्रूषुराव्रजेत् ।
कल्प्यां तस्य तु तेनाहुर्वृत्तिं धर्मविदो जनाः ।
देयः पिण्डोऽनपेताय भर्तव्यौ वृद्धदुर्बलौ ॥३४॥

34. yaśca kaściddvijātīnāṁ śūdraḥ śuśrūṣurāvrajet ,
kalpyāṁ tasya tu tenāhurvṛttiṁ dharmavido janāḥ ,
deyaḥ piṇḍo'napetāya bhartavyau vṛddhadurbalau.

34. yaḥ ca kaścit dvijātīnām śūdraḥ śuśrūṣuḥ
āvrajet kalpyām tasya tu tena āhuḥ
vṛttim dharmavidaḥ janāḥ deyaḥ piṇḍaḥ
anapetāya bhartavyau vṛddhadurbalau

34. yaḥ ca kaścit śūdraḥ dvijātīnām śuśrūṣuḥ
āvrajet tasya kalpyām vṛttim tu
tena dharmavidaḥ janāḥ āhuḥ piṇḍaḥ
anapetāya deyaḥ वृद्धदुर्बलौ भर्तव्यौ

34. If any śūdra approaches the twice-born desiring to serve, then those who understand natural law (dharma) declare that a suitable livelihood should be assigned to him. A portion of food should be given to one who has not abandoned his duties, and the old and weak among them should be maintained.

Words meanings summery:

• यः (yaḥ) - whoever (whoever, which, who)

• च (ca) - and (connects with 'kaścit' to form 'yaś ca kaścit') (and, also, moreover)

• कश्चित् (kaścit) - any (in 'whoever') (someone, anyone, a certain)

• द्विजातीनाम् (dvijātīnām) - of the members of the three upper varṇas (of the twice-born)

• शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - a member of the śūdra varṇa (a śūdra)

• शुश्रूषुः (śuśrūṣuḥ) - desiring to serve (desiring to serve, obedient, attentive, student)

• आव्रजेत् (āvrajet) - should approach (should approach, should come)

• कल्प्याम् (kalpyām) - suitable, proper (suitable, proper, to be assigned, to be prepared)

• तस्य (tasya) - for him (the śūdra) (his, of him, for him)

• तु (tu) - indeed, then (but, indeed, yet)

• तेन (tena) - by him, to him (implies for that śūdra) (by him, by that, for him)

• आहुः (āhuḥ) - they (knowers of dharma) declare (they say, they declare)

• वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood, means of subsistence (livelihood, maintenance, conduct, activity)

• धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - those who understand natural law (dharma) (knowers of (dharma), experts in law)

• जनाः (janāḥ) - people, individuals (people, men, individuals)

• देयः (deyaḥ) - should be given (to be given, due, fit to be given)

• पिण्डः (piṇḍaḥ) - a portion of food (lump, ball, body, a portion of food)

• अनपेताय (anapetāya) - to one who has not abandoned his duties/service (to one who has not left, to one who is not disloyal, to one who does not deviate)

• भर्तव्यौ (bhartavyau) - should be maintained/supported (to be maintained, to be supported)

• वृद्धदुर्बलौ (vṛddhadurbalau) - the old and weak (among the śūdras) (the old and the weak (dual))

Words meanings and morphology

यः (yaḥ) - whoever (whoever, which, who)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - which, who, what

Pronominal stem.

Note: Relative pronoun, part of 'whoever' construction.

च (ca) - and (connects with 'kaścit' to form 'yaś ca kaścit') (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Conjunctive particle.

कश्चित् (kaścit) - any (in 'whoever') (someone, anyone, a certain)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kaścid

kaścid - someone, anyone, a certain, some

Formed from pronominal stem 'kim' + particle 'cid'.

Note: Indefinite pronoun, combines with 'yaḥ' for 'whoever'.

द्विजातीनाम् (dvijātīnām) - of the members of the three upper varṇas (of the twice-born)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of dvijāti

dvijāti - twice-born (member of Brāhmaṇa, Kṣatriya, or Vaiśya varṇa), bird, tooth

Compound: 'dvi' (twice) + 'jāti' (birth).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (dvi+jāti)

• dvi – two, twice
  indeclinable
• jāti – birth, origin, species, class
  noun (feminine)
  From root 'jan' (to be born) + 'kti' suffix.
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Indicates the group served by the śūdra.

शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - a member of the śūdra varṇa (a śūdra)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śūdra

śūdra - a member of the fourth varṇa (social class)

Note: Subject of the first clause.

शुश्रूषुः (śuśrūṣuḥ) - desiring to serve (desiring to serve, obedient, attentive, student)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śuśrūṣu

śuśrūṣu - desiring to hear, desiring to obey, desiring to serve, obedient, attentive

Desiderative participle

Derived from the desiderative stem of root 'śru' (to hear) with 'u' suffix. Implies desire to serve (listen and obey).

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Adjective modifying 'śūdraḥ'.

आव्रजेत् (āvrajet) - should approach (should approach, should come)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhiliṅ) of āvraj

Verb formed with prefix 'ā' and root 'vraj' (to go).

Prefix: ā

Root: vraj (class 1)

Note: Expresses a condition or possibility.

कल्प्याम् (kalpyām) - suitable, proper (suitable, proper, to be assigned, to be prepared)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of kalpya

kalpya - to be formed, to be prepared, to be suitable, to be assigned

Gerundive

From root 'kḷp' (to be ordered, to be arranged) with 'ṇyat' suffix.

Root: kḷp (class 1)

Note: Adjective modifying 'vṛttim'.

तस्य (tasya) - for him (the śūdra) (his, of him, for him)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Pronominal stem.

Note: Indicates beneficiary or possession.

तु (tu) - indeed, then (but, indeed, yet)

(indeclinable)

Connective particle.

Note: Emphatic or adversative particle.

तेन (tena) - by him, to him (implies for that śūdra) (by him, by that, for him)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Pronominal stem.

Note: Refers to the śūdra, acting as a dative or beneficiary.

आहुः (āhuḥ) - they (knowers of dharma) declare (they say, they declare)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (liṭ) of ah

Irregular perfect tense form (3rd plural) of root 'ah'.

Root: ah

Note: Main verb of the second clause.

वृत्तिम् (vṛttim) - livelihood, means of subsistence (livelihood, maintenance, conduct, activity)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of vṛtti

vṛtti - livelihood, maintenance, conduct, activity, commentary

From root 'vṛt' (to turn, exist, be).

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Object of 'āhuḥ'.

धर्मविदः (dharmavidaḥ) - those who understand natural law (dharma) (knowers of (dharma), experts in law)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dharmavid

dharmavid - knowing dharma, skilled in dharma, jurist

Compound: 'dharma' (duty, law) + 'vid' (knowing).

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (dharma+vid)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness, virtue, custom, religion
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'dhṛ' (to hold, support, maintain).
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• vid – knowing, wise, learned
  adjective
  From root 'vid' (to know).
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Subject for 'āhuḥ'.

जनाः (janāḥ) - people, individuals (people, men, individuals)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of jana

jana - person, man, people, creature

From root 'jan' (to be born).

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: In apposition to 'dharmavidaḥ'.

देयः (deyaḥ) - should be given (to be given, due, fit to be given)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of deya

deya - to be given, fit to be given, due

Gerundive

From root 'dā' (to give) with 'yat' suffix.

Root: dā (class 3)

Note: Predicate adjective, implies 'is to be given'.

पिण्डः (piṇḍaḥ) - a portion of food (lump, ball, body, a portion of food)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of piṇḍa

piṇḍa - lump, ball, body, a portion of food (esp. for ancestors or in alms)

Note: Subject of 'deyaḥ'.

अनपेताय (anapetāya) - to one who has not abandoned his duties/service (to one who has not left, to one who is not disloyal, to one who does not deviate)

(adjective)

Dative, masculine, singular of anapeta

anapeta - not gone away, not separated, not abandoned, faithful

Past Passive Participle with negative prefix

Formed from negative particle 'a-' and 'apeta'. 'Apeta' is derived from prefix 'apa' and root 'i' (to go) with 'kta' suffix.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+apeta)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• apeta – gone away, departed, abandoned, deviated
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From prefix 'apa' (away) + root 'i' (to go) + 'kta' (suffix).
  Prefix: apa
  Root: i (class 2)

Note: Beneficiary.

भर्तव्यौ (bhartavyau) - should be maintained/supported (to be maintained, to be supported)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of bhartavya

bhartavya - to be supported, to be maintained, to be nourished

Gerundive

From root 'bhṛ' (to bear, support, nourish) with 'tavya' suffix.

Root: bhṛ (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective, implying 'are to be maintained'.

वृद्धदुर्बलौ (vṛddhadurbalau) - the old and weak (among the śūdras) (the old and the weak (dual))

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of vṛddhadurbala

vṛddhadurbala - old and weak

Dvandva compound: 'vṛddha' (old) + 'durbala' (weak).

Compound type : dvandva (vṛddha+durbala)

• vṛddha – old, aged, grown, increased
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'vṛdh' (to grow).
  Root: vṛdh (class 1)
• durbala – weak, feeble, infirm
  adjective
  Compound: 'dur' (bad, difficult) + 'bala' (strength).

Note: Subject of 'bhartavyau'.