महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-288, verse-44

हंस उवाच ।
स्वाध्याय एषां देवत्वं व्रतं साधुत्वमुच्यते ।
असाधुत्वं परीवादो मृत्युर्मानुषमुच्यते ॥४४॥

44. haṁsa uvāca ,
svādhyāya eṣāṁ devatvaṁ vrataṁ sādhutvamucyate ,
asādhutvaṁ parīvādo mṛtyurmānuṣamucyate.

44. haṃsaḥ uvāca svādhyāyaḥ eṣām devatvam vratam sādhutvam
ucyate asādhutvam parīvādaḥ mṛtyuḥ mānuṣam ucyate

44. haṃsaḥ uvāca eṣām devatvam svādhyāyaḥ
ucyate (eṣām) vratam sādhutvam
ucyate asādhutvam parīvādaḥ
(ca) mṛtyuḥ (ca) mānuṣam ucyate

44. Hamsa said: Self-study (svādhyāya) is declared to be their divine nature, and virtuous conduct (sādhutvam) is their sacred vow (vrata). Wickedness (asādhutvam) and slander (parīvādaḥ) are declared to be their human nature (mānuṣam), which is associated with death (mṛtyuḥ).

Words meanings summery:

• हंसः (haṁsaḥ) - Hamsa, the speaker (Hamsa (a swan, often symbolic of a spiritual teacher or a specific sage))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• स्वाध्यायः (svādhyāyaḥ) - self-study, recitation of sacred texts, spiritual study

• एषाम् (eṣām) - referring to the qualities being described for a group or entity (of these, their)

• देवत्वम् (devatvam) - divinity, divine nature, godhead

• व्रतम् (vratam) - vow, sacred observance, religious practice

• साधुत्वम् (sādhutvam) - goodness, virtuousness, rectitude

• उच्यते (ucyate) - is said, is declared, is called

• असाधुत्वम् (asādhutvam) - wickedness, badness, unrighteousness

• परीवादः (parīvādaḥ) - slander, blame, censure, abuse

• मृत्युः (mṛtyuḥ) - death, mortality

• मानुषम् (mānuṣam) - human, human nature, pertaining to humans

• उच्यते (ucyate) - is said, is declared, is called

Words meanings and morphology

हंसः (haṁsaḥ) - Hamsa, the speaker (Hamsa (a swan, often symbolic of a spiritual teacher or a specific sage))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of haṃsa

haṁsa - swan, gander; a name for a class of ascetics; a supreme being; a particular sage

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of √vac

Perfect tense (Liṭ), 3rd person singular, active voice (Parasmaipada)

Root: vac (class 2)

स्वाध्यायः (svādhyāyaḥ) - self-study, recitation of sacred texts, spiritual study

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of svādhyāya

svādhyāya - one's own study, self-recitation, study of the Vedas, spiritual study

Compound type : tatpurusha (sva+adhyāya)

• sva – self, one's own
  pronoun (masculine)
• adhyāya – study, reading, lesson, chapter
  noun (masculine)
  from adhi- + √i (to go)
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: i (class 2)

एषाम् (eṣām) - referring to the qualities being described for a group or entity (of these, their)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of idam

idam - this, these

देवत्वम् (devatvam) - divinity, divine nature, godhead

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of devatva

devatva - divinity, godhead, divine nature, quality of a god

from deva (god) + -tva (suffix indicating state or quality)

व्रतम् (vratam) - vow, sacred observance, religious practice

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vrata

vrata - vow, religious observance, sacred practice, duty

साधुत्वम् (sādhutvam) - goodness, virtuousness, rectitude

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sādhutva

sādhutva - goodness, virtue, probity, rectitude

from sādhu (good, virtuous) + -tva (suffix indicating state or quality)

उच्यते (ucyate) - is said, is declared, is called

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of √vac

Present tense (Laṭ), 3rd person singular, passive voice (Ātmanepada)

Root: vac (class 2)

असाधुत्वम् (asādhutvam) - wickedness, badness, unrighteousness

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of asādhutva

asādhutva - wickedness, badness, impropriety, absence of virtue

from a- (negation) + sādhutva (goodness)

Compound type : nañ-tatpurusha (a+sādhutva)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
  negative prefix
• sādhutva – goodness, virtue, probity, rectitude
  noun (neuter)
  from sādhu (good, virtuous) + -tva (suffix indicating state or quality)

परीवादः (parīvādaḥ) - slander, blame, censure, abuse

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of parīvāda

parīvāda - reproach, blame, censure, slander, abuse

from pari- (around) + √vad (to speak)

Prefix: pari

Root: vad (class 1)

मृत्युः (mṛtyuḥ) - death, mortality

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mṛtyu

mṛtyu - death, demise, mortality; the god of death

from √mṛ (to die)

Root: mṛ (class 6)

मानुषम् (mānuṣam) - human, human nature, pertaining to humans

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mānuṣa

mānuṣa - human, belonging to man, human nature, humanity; a human being

from manuṣa (man) + -a (suffix)

उच्यते (ucyate) - is said, is declared, is called

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of √vac

Present tense (Laṭ), 3rd person singular, passive voice (Ātmanepada)

Root: vac (class 2)