महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-288, verse-39

साध्या ऊचुः ।
केनायमावृतो लोकः केन वा न प्रकाशते ।
केन त्यजति मित्राणि केन स्वर्गं न गच्छति ॥३९॥

39. sādhyā ūcuḥ ,
kenāyamāvṛto lokaḥ kena vā na prakāśate ,
kena tyajati mitrāṇi kena svargaṁ na gacchati.

39. sādhyāḥ ūcuḥ kena ayam āvṛtaḥ lokaḥ kena vā na
prakāśate kena tyajati mitrāṇi kena svargam na gacchati

39. sādhyāḥ ūcuḥ kena ayam lokaḥ āvṛtaḥ vā kena na
prakāśate kena mitrāṇi tyajati kena svargam na gacchati

39. The Sādhyas said: 'By what is this world enveloped? By what does it fail to manifest? By what does one abandon friends? By what does one fail to reach heaven?'

Words meanings summery:

• साध्याः (sādhyāḥ) - the Sādhyas (the Sādhyas (a class of celestial beings))

• ऊचुः (ūcuḥ) - they said (they said, they spoke)

• केन (kena) - by what (by what, by whom)

• अयम् (ayam) - this (world) (this, this one)

• आवृतः (āvṛtaḥ) - enveloped (covered, enveloped, veiled)

• लोकः (lokaḥ) - this world (world, people, realm)

• केन (kena) - by what (by what, by whom)

• वा (vā) - or (or, either...or)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• प्रकाशते (prakāśate) - manifests (its true nature) (shines, appears, becomes manifest)

• केन (kena) - by what (by what, by whom)

• त्यजति (tyajati) - abandons (abandons, forsakes, gives up)

• मित्राणि (mitrāṇi) - friends (friends (plural of neuter mitra))

• केन (kena) - by what (by what, by whom)

• स्वर्गम् (svargam) - heaven (heaven, celestial world)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• गच्छति (gacchati) - reaches (heaven) (goes, proceeds)

Words meanings and morphology

साध्याः (sādhyāḥ) - the Sādhyas (the Sādhyas (a class of celestial beings))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sādhya

sādhya - to be accomplished, practicable; a class of celestial beings

Gerundive

From root sādh (to accomplish, succeed). Used as a proper noun for a class of deities.

Root: sādh (class 5)

Note: Subject of 'ūcuḥ'.

ऊचुः (ūcuḥ) - they said (they said, they spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active Indicative

3rd plural perfect active of root vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

केन (kena) - by what (by what, by whom)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kim

kim - what, who, which

Interrogative pronoun. Instrumental singular.

अयम् (ayam) - this (world) (this, this one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

Demonstrative pronoun.

आवृतः (āvṛtaḥ) - enveloped (covered, enveloped, veiled)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āvṛta

āvṛta - covered, enveloped, concealed, surrounded

Past Passive Participle

From root vṛ (to cover, enclose) with prefix ā.

Prefix: ā

Root: vṛ (class 5)

लोकः (lokaḥ) - this world (world, people, realm)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of loka

loka - world, region, people, folk

From root lok (to see).

Root: lok (class 1)

केन (kena) - by what (by what, by whom)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kim

kim - what, who, which

Interrogative pronoun. Instrumental singular.

Note: Instrumental case, indicating the means by which.

वा (vā) - or (or, either...or)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

Note: Negates the verb 'prakāśate'.

प्रकाशते (prakāśate) - manifests (its true nature) (shines, appears, becomes manifest)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of prakāś

Present Middle Indicative

From root kāś (to shine, appear) with prefix pra.

Prefix: pra

Root: kāś (class 1)

केन (kena) - by what (by what, by whom)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kim

kim - what, who, which

Interrogative pronoun. Instrumental singular.

Note: Instrumental case, indicating the means by which.

त्यजति (tyajati) - abandons (abandons, forsakes, gives up)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of tyaj

Present Active Indicative

3rd singular present active.

Root: tyaj (class 1)

मित्राणि (mitrāṇi) - friends (friends (plural of neuter mitra))

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, plural of mitra

mitra - friend, companion, ally

Neuter noun.

केन (kena) - by what (by what, by whom)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of kim

kim - what, who, which

Interrogative pronoun. Instrumental singular.

Note: Instrumental case, indicating the means by which.

स्वर्गम् (svargam) - heaven (heaven, celestial world)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of svarga

svarga - heaven, celestial world, abode of the gods

Etymologically related to su (good) and gam (going), or svard (heaven) and gam (going).

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Negative particle.

Note: Negates the verb 'gacchati'.

गच्छति (gacchati) - reaches (heaven) (goes, proceeds)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of gam

Present Active Indicative

3rd singular present active.

Root: gam (class 1)