महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-212, verse-48

यथा रुरुः शृङ्गमथो पुराणं हित्वा त्वचं वाप्युरगो यथावत् ।
विहाय गच्छत्यनवेक्षमाणस्तथा विमुक्तो विजहाति दुःखम् ॥४८॥

48. yathā ruruḥ śṛṅgamatho purāṇaṁ; hitvā tvacaṁ vāpyurago yathāvat ,
vihāya gacchatyanavekṣamāṇa;stathā vimukto vijahāti duḥkham.

48. yathā ruruḥ śṛṅgam atha u purāṇam
hitvā tvacam vā api uragaḥ
yathāvat vihāya gacchati anavekṣamāṇaḥ
tathā vimuktaḥ vijahāti duḥkham

48. yathā ruruḥ purāṇam śṛṅgam hitvā,
vā api uragaḥ yathāvat tvacam vihāya anavekṣamāṇaḥ gacchati,
tathā vimuktaḥ duḥkham vijahāti.

48. Just as a deer (ruru) sheds its old antlers, or a snake naturally casts off its skin, and departs without looking back, similarly, a liberated person completely abandons suffering (duḥkha).

Words meanings summery:

• यथा (yathā) - as, just as, like

• रुरुः (ruruḥ) - a kind of deer or antelope

• शृङ्गम् (śṛṅgam) - antler (referring to the deer's shedding) (horn, antler, peak)

• अथ (atha) - and, also (then, now, moreover, and, also)

• उ (u) - and, also (and, also, moreover)

• पुराणम् (purāṇam) - old (antler) (old, ancient)

• हित्वा (hitvā) - having shed (having abandoned, having left, having discarded)

• त्वचम् (tvacam) - skin, hide

• वा (vā) - or (or, either)

• अपि (api) - also (also, even, too)

• उरगः (uragaḥ) - snake, reptile

• यथावत् (yathāvat) - naturally (as it should be, properly, naturally)

• विहाय (vihāya) - having cast off (having abandoned, having left)

• गच्छति (gacchati) - departs (goes, departs)

• अनवेक्षमाणः (anavekṣamāṇaḥ) - without looking back (not looking back, unconcerned, indifferent)

• तथा (tathā) - similarly (so, thus, similarly)

• विमुक्तः (vimuktaḥ) - a liberated person (liberated, released, freed one)

• विजहाति (vijahāti) - completely abandons (abandons, casts off, forsakes)

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering (duḥkha) (suffering, sorrow, pain)

Words meanings and morphology

यथा (yathā) - as, just as, like

(indeclinable)

रुरुः (ruruḥ) - a kind of deer or antelope

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ruru

ruru - a kind of deer (often translated as antelope), a mythical animal, a hunter

Note: Refers to a specific type of deer known for shedding antlers.

शृङ्गम् (śṛṅgam) - antler (referring to the deer's shedding) (horn, antler, peak)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of śṛṅga

śṛṅga - horn, antler, peak, summit, a prominent part, dignity

Note: Direct object of 'hitvā'.

अथ (atha) - and, also (then, now, moreover, and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the shedding of horn and skin, functioning as 'and'.

उ (u) - and, also (and, also, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Forms sandhi with 'atha' to become 'atho'.

पुराणम् (purāṇam) - old (antler) (old, ancient)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of purāṇa

purāṇa - old, ancient, former, a type of sacred text

Note: Qualifies 'śṛṅgam'.

हित्वा (hitvā) - having shed (having abandoned, having left, having discarded)

(indeclinable)

absolutive

Derived from root 'hā' (3rd class, juhotyādi) with suffix -tvā.

Root: hā (class 3)

Note: Functions as a verbal participle.

त्वचम् (tvacam) - skin, hide

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tvac

tvac - skin, hide, bark

Note: Direct object of 'vihāya'.

वा (vā) - or (or, either)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the two similes (deer and snake).

अपि (api) - also (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used with 'vā' to mean 'or also'.

उरगः (uragaḥ) - snake, reptile

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of uraga

uraga - snake, reptile, literally 'going on the breast'

Compound of 'uras' (breast) and 'ga' (going).

Compound type : tatpurusha (uras+ga)

• uras – breast, chest
  noun (neuter)
• ga – going, moving
  adjective
  From root 'gam' (to go).
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Subject of the simile.

यथावत् (yathāvat) - naturally (as it should be, properly, naturally)

(indeclinable)

Note: Modifies the action of the snake shedding its skin.

विहाय (vihāya) - having cast off (having abandoned, having left)

(indeclinable)

absolutive

Derived from root 'hā' (3rd class, juhotyādi) with prefix 'vi' and suffix -ya.

Prefix: vi

Root: hā (class 3)

Note: Similar to 'hitvā', but with prefix 'vi-'.

गच्छति (gacchati) - departs (goes, departs)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of gam

present active

3rd person singular, present indicative, active voice from root 'gam' (1st class, bhvādi).

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Refers to the action of the deer/snake after shedding.

अनवेक्षमाणः (anavekṣamāṇaḥ) - without looking back (not looking back, unconcerned, indifferent)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of anavekṣamāṇa

anavekṣamāṇa - not looking back, unconcerned, indifferent, heedless

present middle participle

Derived from root 'īkṣ' (1st class) with prefixes 'anu', 'ava', and negative 'an-'.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (an+avekṣamāṇa)

• an – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix.
• avekṣamāṇa – looking back, regarding, considering
  participle (masculine)
  present middle participle
  From root 'īkṣ' with prefixes 'ava' and 'anu'.
  Prefixes: anu+ava
  Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Modifies the subject (ruruḥ/uragaḥ and vimuktaḥ).

तथा (tathā) - similarly (so, thus, similarly)

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces the comparison to the liberated one.

विमुक्तः (vimuktaḥ) - a liberated person (liberated, released, freed one)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vimukta

vimukta - liberated, released, freed, delivered

past passive participle

Derived from root 'muc' (6th class) with prefix 'vi' and suffix -kta.

Prefix: vi

Root: muc (class 6)

Note: Functions as a noun here, 'the liberated one'.

विजहाति (vijahāti) - completely abandons (abandons, casts off, forsakes)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (laṭ) of hā

present active

3rd person singular, present indicative, active voice from root 'hā' (3rd class, juhotyādi) with prefix 'vi'.

Prefix: vi

Root: hā (class 3)

Note: The main verb for the liberated person.

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering (duḥkha) (suffering, sorrow, pain)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, sorrow, pain, misery, discomfort

Note: Direct object of 'vijahāti'.