महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-212, verse-42

यथार्णवगता नद्यो व्यक्तीर्जहति नाम च ।
न च स्वतां नियच्छन्ति तादृशः सत्त्वसंक्षयः ॥४२॥

42. yathārṇavagatā nadyo vyaktīrjahati nāma ca ,
na ca svatāṁ niyacchanti tādṛśaḥ sattvasaṁkṣayaḥ.

42. yathā arṇavagatāḥ nadyaḥ vyaktiyaḥ jahati nāma ca
na ca svatām niyacchanti tādṛśaḥ sattvasaṃkṣayaḥ

42. yathā arṇavagatāḥ nadyaḥ vyaktiyaḥ nāma ca jahati,
ca svatām na niyacchanti,
tādṛśaḥ sattvasaṃkṣayaḥ

42. Just as rivers entering the ocean abandon their individual forms and names, yet do not lose their fundamental nature, so too is the cessation of being.

Words meanings summery:

• यथा (yathā) - just as, as, in which way

• अर्णवगताः (arṇavagatāḥ) - rivers that have reached the ocean (those gone to the ocean, entered the ocean)

• नद्यः (nadyaḥ) - rivers

• व्यक्तियः (vyaktiyaḥ) - the specific shape and characteristic of a river (individual forms, distinct identities, manifestations)

• जहति (jahati) - they abandon, they give up, they leave

• नाम (nāma) - name, appellation

• च (ca) - and

• न (na) - not, no

• च (ca) - 'and yet' or 'but' in this context (and, also)

• स्वताम् (svatām) - their essential character as water (own nature, individuality, selfhood)

• नियच्छन्ति (niyacchanti) - they do not lose or restrict their own nature (as water) (they hold back, they restrain, they prevent from leaving)

• तादृशः (tādṛśaḥ) - such, of that kind, similar

• सत्त्वसंक्षयः (sattvasaṁkṣayaḥ) - destruction of existence, cessation of being

Words meanings and morphology

यथा (yathā) - just as, as, in which way

(indeclinable)

अर्णवगताः (arṇavagatāḥ) - rivers that have reached the ocean (those gone to the ocean, entered the ocean)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, plural of arṇavagata

arṇavagata - gone to the ocean, entered the sea

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (arṇava+gata)

• arṇava – ocean, sea
  noun (masculine)
• gata – gone, arrived, reached
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root gam (to go)
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Modifies nadyaḥ.

नद्यः (nadyaḥ) - rivers

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of nadī

nadī - river

व्यक्तियः (vyaktiyaḥ) - the specific shape and characteristic of a river (individual forms, distinct identities, manifestations)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, plural of vyakti

vyakti - manifestation, distinct form, individuality, person

Derived from vi-añj (to manifest)

Prefix: vi

Root: añj (class 7)

Note: From vi-√añj, meaning 'to manifest'.

जहति (jahati) - they abandon, they give up, they leave

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of hā

present 3rd plural

Root hā, juhotyādi class (3rd conjugation)

Root: hā (class 3)

Note: Reduplicated root form.

नाम (nāma) - name, appellation

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of nāman

nāman - name, appellation, noun

Note: Can also be used as an indeclinable 'by name, indeed'. Here, it's an accusative noun.

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Acts as 'and' for 'vyaktiyaḥ nāma ca'.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates the following verb.

च (ca) - 'and yet' or 'but' in this context (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects the two clauses, implying a contrast.

स्वताम् (svatām) - their essential character as water (own nature, individuality, selfhood)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of svatā

svatā - ownness, individuality, inherent nature

Derived from sva (own) with suffix -tā (abstract noun forming)

Note: Abstract noun from sva.

नियच्छन्ति (niyacchanti) - they do not lose or restrict their own nature (as water) (they hold back, they restrain, they prevent from leaving)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of yam

present 3rd plural

Root yam with prefix ni

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: With prefix ni.

तादृशः (tādṛśaḥ) - such, of that kind, similar

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tādṛśa

tādṛśa - such, suchlike, of that kind, similar

Derived from tad + dṛś

Note: Qualifies sattvasaṃkṣayaḥ.

सत्त्वसंक्षयः (sattvasaṁkṣayaḥ) - destruction of existence, cessation of being

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sattvasaṃkṣaya

sattvasaṁkṣaya - destruction of being, cessation of existence, annihilation of the existent

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sattva+saṃkṣaya)

• sattva – existence, being, essence, reality, truth
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from root as (to be)
  Root: as (class 2)
• saṃkṣaya – destruction, annihilation, decay, decrease
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from sam-kṣi (to destroy, diminish)
  Prefix: sam
  Root: kṣi (class 1)

Note: Compound of sattva (being/existence) and saṃkṣaya (destruction).