योगवासिष्ठः yogavāsiṣṭhaḥ - book-4, chapter-53, verse-28

इदं स्फारं जगद्दुःखं प्रतनोत्यात्मसत्तया ।
असत्तया नाशयति घनमान्ध्यं यथा तमः ॥ २८ ॥

idaṃ sphāraṃ jagadduḥkhaṃ pratanotyātmasattayā ,
asattayā nāśayati ghanamāndhyaṃ yathā tamaḥ 28

28. idam sphāram jagat duḥkham pratanoti ātmasattayā
asattayā nāśayati ghanamāndhyam yathā tamaḥ

28. idam sphāram jagat duḥkham ātmasattayā pratanoti
asattayā ghanamāndhyam tamaḥ yathā nāśayati

28. This vast suffering of the world (jagat) spreads through the existence of the self (ātman). By its non-existence, it destroys (this suffering), just as darkness (tamas) destroys dense cloudiness.

Words meanings summery:

• इदम् (idam) - this

• स्फारम् (sphāram) - vast, extensive, swelling

• जगत् (jagat) - world, universe

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering, misery, pain

• प्रतनोति (pratanoti) - spreads, extends, stretches forth

• आत्मसत्तया (ātmasattayā) - by the existence of the self, through self-existence

• असत्तया (asattayā) - by non-existence, through non-being

• नाशयति (nāśayati) - destroys, causes to perish

• घनमान्ध्यम् (ghanamāndhyam) - dense cloudiness, thick dullness

• यथा (yathā) - just as, as, in which way

• तमः (tamaḥ) - darkness

Words meanings and morphology

इदम् (idam) - this

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, here

Note: Adjective to duḥkham.

स्फारम् (sphāram) - vast, extensive, swelling

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sphāra

sphāra - vast, extensive, swelling, abundant, large

Root: sphṛ (class 1)

Note: Adjective to duḥkham.

जगत् (jagat) - world, universe

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jagat

jagat - world (jagat), universe, moving, living beings

Present Active Participle

From root gam with intensive jaṅgam, meaning 'moving'. Substantivized.

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: In compound jagadduḥkham, it's the first part.

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - suffering, misery, pain

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, pain, misery, sorrow, discomfort

Note: The primary subject of the sentence.

प्रतनोति (pratanoti) - spreads, extends, stretches forth

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of tan

Present Active

From root tan (8th class), active voice, present tense.

Prefix: pra

Root: tan (class 8)

आत्मसत्तया (ātmasattayā) - by the existence of the self, through self-existence

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of ātmasattā

ātmasattā - existence of the self, self-being

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ātman+sattā)

• ātman – self, soul, spirit (ātman)
  noun (masculine)
• sattā – existence, being, reality
  noun (feminine)
  From sat (being)
  Root: as (class 2)

Note: Instrumental case indicating means.

असत्तया (asattayā) - by non-existence, through non-being

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of asattā

asattā - non-existence, non-being, unreality

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+sattā)

• a – not, non-
  prefix
  Negative prefix.
• sattā – existence, being, reality
  noun (feminine)
  From sat (being)
  Root: as (class 2)

Note: Instrumental case indicating means.

नाशयति (nāśayati) - destroys, causes to perish

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of naś

Causative Present Active

Causative stem of root naś (4th class), active voice, present tense.

Root: naś (class 4)

घनमान्ध्यम् (ghanamāndhyam) - dense cloudiness, thick dullness

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of ghanamāndhya

ghanamāndhya - dense cloudiness, thick dullness, profound mental inertia

Compound type : karmadhāraya (ghana+māndhya)

• ghana – dense, thick, solid, cloud
  adjective (masculine)
  Root: han (class 2)
• māndhya – dullness, slowness, inertness, cloudiness
  noun (neuter)
  From manda (dull, slow).
  Root: mand (class 1)

Note: Object of nāśayati.

यथा (yathā) - just as, as, in which way

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle introducing a comparison.

तमः (tamaḥ) - darkness

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tamas

tamas - darkness (tamas), gloom, ignorance, quality of inertia

Root: tam (class 4)

Note: Subject of the implicit verb in the simile.