वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-6, chapter-45, verse-37

सारथेर्बहुशश्चास्य संग्राममवगाहतः ।
प्रतोदो न्यपतद्धस्तात् सूतस्य हयसादिनः ॥३७॥

37. sāratherbahuśaścāsya saṃgrāmamavagāhataḥ ,
pratodo nyapataddhastāt sūtasya hayasādinaḥ.

37. sārather bahuśaḥ ca asya saṃgrāmam avagāhataḥ
pratodaḥ nyapatat hastāt sūtasya hayasādinaḥ

37. The goad fell from the hand of his charioteer, who often plunged into battle.

Words meanings summery:

• सारथेर् (sārather) - of the charioteer, of the driver

• बहुशः (bahuśaḥ) - often, frequently, in many ways

• च (ca) - and, also, moreover

• अस्य (asya) - of him, his, of this

• संग्रामम् (saṁgrāmam) - battle, war, combat

• अवगाहतः (avagāhataḥ) - of the charioteer who plunges into battle (of him who plunges, of him who enters)

• प्रतोदः (pratodaḥ) - goad, whip, incitement

• न्यपतत् (nyapatat) - fell down, descended

• हस्तात् (hastāt) - from the hand

• सूतस्य (sūtasya) - of the charioteer (of the charioteer, of the bard)

• हयसादिनः (hayasādinaḥ) - of the charioteer (who also drives horses) (of the horse-rider, of the horse-driver)

Words meanings and morphology

सारथेर् (sārather) - of the charioteer, of the driver

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of sārathi

sārathi - charioteer, driver, guide

Note: Refers to the main charioteer.

बहुशः (bahuśaḥ) - often, frequently, in many ways

(indeclinable)

From bahu (much, many) with suffix śaḥ (indicating manner or frequency).

च (ca) - and, also, moreover

(indeclinable)

अस्य (asya) - of him, his, of this

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine/neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it

Genitive singular masculine/neuter of idam.

Note: Refers to the main subject of the narrative.

संग्रामम् (saṁgrāmam) - battle, war, combat

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of saṃgrāma

saṁgrāma - battle, war, combat, assembly of armies

From sam + grāma (village, multitude). Assembly for battle.

अवगाहतः (avagāhataḥ) - of the charioteer who plunges into battle (of him who plunges, of him who enters)

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of avagāhat

avagāhat - plunging into, entering, immersing in

Present Active Participle

From ava + root gāh (to plunge, enter). Genitive singular masculine form.

Prefix: ava

Root: gāh (class 1)

प्रतोदः (pratodaḥ) - goad, whip, incitement

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pratoda

pratoda - goad, whip, spur, incitement

From pra + root tud (to strike, goad).

Prefix: pra

Root: tud (class 6)

न्यपतत् (nyapatat) - fell down, descended

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of ni-pat

Imperfect active third person singular

From ni (down) + root pat (to fall). Augmented past tense.

Prefix: ni

Root: pat (class 1)

हस्तात् (hastāt) - from the hand

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of hasta

hasta - hand, elephant's trunk

सूतस्य (sūtasya) - of the charioteer (of the charioteer, of the bard)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of sūta

sūta - charioteer, bard, carpenter, a mixed caste

From root sū (to impel, to drive).

Root: sū (class 2)

हयसादिनः (hayasādinaḥ) - of the charioteer (who also drives horses) (of the horse-rider, of the horse-driver)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of hayasādin

hayasādin - horse-rider, horse-driver, cavalryman

Compound of haya (horse) and sādin (rider, driver, from root sad).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (haya+sādin)

• haya – horse
  noun (masculine)
• sādin – rider, driver, one who sits
  noun (masculine)
  agent noun
  From root sad (to sit) with suffix ini.
  Root: sad (class 1)