महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-8, verse-40

तत्राश्चर्यमपश्याम घोररूपं विशां पते ।
शल्येन संगताः शूरा यदयुध्यन्त भागशः ॥४०॥

40. tatrāścaryamapaśyāma ghorarūpaṁ viśāṁ pate ,
śalyena saṁgatāḥ śūrā yadayudhyanta bhāgaśaḥ.

40. tatra āścaryam apaśyāma ghorarūpam viśām pate
śalyena saṅgatāḥ śūrāḥ yat ayudhyanta bhāgaśaḥ

40. viśām pate tatra apaśyāma ghorarūpam āścaryam
yat śūrāḥ śalyena saṅgatāḥ ayudhyanta bhāgaśaḥ

40. O ruler of the people, there we witnessed a terrible spectacle: how the brave warriors, joined by Śalya, fought in separate divisions.

Words meanings summery:

• तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

• आश्चर्यम् (āścaryam) - spectacle (wonder, marvel, surprise, astonishment)

• अपश्याम (apaśyāma) - we witnessed (we saw, we beheld)

• घोररूपम् (ghorarūpam) - terrible (having a terrible form, dreadful-looking, frightful)

• विशाम् (viśām) - of the people (of the people, of the subjects, of the clans)

• पते (pate) - O ruler (O lord, O master, O ruler)

• शल्येन (śalyena) - by Śalya

• सङ्गताः (saṅgatāḥ) - joined by (assembled, joined, accompanied, met)

• शूराः (śūrāḥ) - brave warriors (brave warriors, heroes)

• यत् (yat) - how (that, which, because, how, whereby)

• अयुध्यन्त (ayudhyanta) - they fought (they fought, they battled)

• भागशः (bhāgaśaḥ) - in separate divisions (in parts, in shares, in divisions, separately, piecemeal)

Words meanings and morphology

तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

(indeclinable)

Locative case formation from the pronoun 'tad' (that).

आश्चर्यम् (āścaryam) - spectacle (wonder, marvel, surprise, astonishment)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of āścarya

āścarya - wonder, marvel, surprise, astonishment

From 'ā-car' with suffix 'ya'.

Prefix: ā

Root: car (class 1)

Note: Can also be nominative singular neuter. Contextually accusative as object of apaśyāma.

अपश्याम (apaśyāma) - we witnessed (we saw, we beheld)

(verb)

1st person , plural, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of paś

Imperfect Active

Root 'dṛś' (to see) changes to 'paś' in present and imperfect tenses. First person plural active imperfect.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

घोररूपम् (ghorarūpam) - terrible (having a terrible form, dreadful-looking, frightful)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of ghorarūpa

ghorarūpa - dreadful-looking, having a terrible form

Compound adjective: ghora (terrible) + rūpa (form).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (ghora+rūpa)

• ghora – terrible, dreadful, frightful
  adjective
• rūpa – form, appearance, shape, nature
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies 'āścaryam'. Can also be nominative singular neuter.

विशाम् (viśām) - of the people (of the people, of the subjects, of the clans)

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, plural of viś

viś - people, subjects, community, clan

पते (pate) - O ruler (O lord, O master, O ruler)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of pati

pati - lord, master, ruler, husband

Vocative singular of 'pati' (i-stem masculine noun).

शल्येन (śalyena) - by Śalya

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of śalya

śalya - Śalya (proper noun), spear, dart

सङ्गताः (saṅgatāḥ) - joined by (assembled, joined, accompanied, met)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of saṅgata

saṅgata - assembled, joined, accompanied, met

Past Passive Participle

From verb root 'gam' (to go) with prefix 'sam' (together) and suffix 'kta' (past participle).

Prefix: sam

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'śūrāḥ'.

शूराः (śūrāḥ) - brave warriors (brave warriors, heroes)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śūra

śūra - brave, valiant, hero, warrior

Note: Subject of 'ayudhyanta'.

यत् (yat) - how (that, which, because, how, whereby)

(indeclinable)

Relative pronoun 'yad' in neuter nominative/accusative singular, or an indeclinable conjunction.

अयुध्यन्त (ayudhyanta) - they fought (they fought, they battled)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of yudh

Imperfect Middle

Root 'yudh' (to fight), class 4. Third person plural middle imperfect.

Root: yudh (class 4)

भागशः (bhāgaśaḥ) - in separate divisions (in parts, in shares, in divisions, separately, piecemeal)

(indeclinable)

From 'bhāga' (part, share) with the suffix 'śaḥ' indicating distribution.