महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-130, verse-10

कथमेषां तदा तत्र पार्थानामपलायिनाम् ।
प्रकाशमभवद्रात्रौ कथं कुरुषु संजय ॥१०॥

10. kathameṣāṁ tadā tatra pārthānāmapalāyinām ,
prakāśamabhavadrātrau kathaṁ kuruṣu saṁjaya.

10. katham eṣām tadā tatra pārthānām apalāyinām
prakāśam abhavat rātrau katham kuruṣu saṃjaya

10. saṃjaya katham tadā tatra apalāyinām eṣām
pārthānām rātrau prakāśam abhavat katham kuruṣu

10. O Saṃjaya, how was it that these Pārthas, who were not retreating, had light there that night? And how did this light manifest among the Kurus?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner, why

• एषाम् (eṣām) - of these

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

• तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

• पार्थानाम् (pārthānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas (of the Pārthas, of the sons of Pṛthā (Kuntī))

• अपलायिनाम् (apalāyinām) - of those not fleeing, of the non-retreating

• प्रकाशम् (prakāśam) - light, manifestation, splendor

• अभवत् (abhavat) - it was, it became, it happened

• रात्रौ (rātrau) - in the night

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner, why

• कुरुषु (kuruṣu) - among the Kurus, in the Kuru lineage

• संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner, why

(indeclinable)

एषाम् (eṣām) - of these

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of etad

etad - this, these

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place

(indeclinable)

पार्थानाम् (pārthānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas (of the Pārthas, of the sons of Pṛthā (Kuntī))

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pārtha

pārtha - son of Pṛthā (Kuntī)

derived from Pṛthā with a patronymic suffix

अपलायिनाम् (apalāyinām) - of those not fleeing, of the non-retreating

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, plural of apalāyin

apalāyin - not fleeing, not retreating

agent noun from verbal root

Negative prefix 'a' + 'palāyin' (from root 'palāy' to flee, with agent suffix 'ṇin')

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+palāyin)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• palāyin – fleeing, running away
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun
  From root 'palāy' (to flee) with agentive suffix 'ṇin'
  Root: palāy (class 1)

Note: Adjective qualifying 'pārthānām'

प्रकाशम् (prakāśam) - light, manifestation, splendor

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prakāśa

prakāśa - light, manifestation, splendor, clarity

From root 'kāś' (to shine) with prefix 'pra'

Prefix: pra

Root: kāś (class 1)

अभवत् (abhavat) - it was, it became, it happened

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

Imperfect tense, 3rd person singular

Root verb 'bhū' (class 1, parasmāipada) in the imperfect tense (laṅ), 3rd person singular active.

Root: bhū (class 1)

रात्रौ (rātrau) - in the night

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of rātri

rātri - night

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner, why

(indeclinable)

कुरुषु (kuruṣu) - among the Kurus, in the Kuru lineage

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of kuru

kuru - a Kuru (a member of the Kuru dynasty), a country

संजय (saṁjaya) - O Saṃjaya

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Saṃjaya (name of Dhṛtarāṣṭra's charioteer and narrator of the Mahābhārata)