महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-314, verse-18

यत्रोत्तरां दिशं गत्वा शैलराजस्य पार्श्वतः ।
तपोऽतप्यत दुर्धर्षस्तात नित्यं वृषध्वजः ॥१८॥

18. yatrottarāṁ diśaṁ gatvā śailarājasya pārśvataḥ ,
tapo'tapyata durdharṣastāta nityaṁ vṛṣadhvajaḥ.

18. yatra uttarām diśam gatvā śailarājasya pārśvataḥ
tapaḥ atapyata durdharṣaḥ tāta nityam vṛṣadhvajaḥ

18. tāta yatra uttarām diśam śailarājasya pārśvataḥ
gatvā durdharṣaḥ vṛṣadhvajaḥ nityam tapaḥ atapyata

18. O dear one, where, having gone to the northern direction, beside the king of mountains, the invincible Vṛṣadhvaja (Shiva) constantly practiced severe asceticism (tapas).

Words meanings summery:

• यत्र (yatra) - where, in which place

• उत्तराम् (uttarām) - northern

• दिशम् (diśam) - direction, quarter

• गत्वा (gatvā) - having gone

• शैलराजस्य (śailarājasya) - of the Himalaya (of the king of mountains)

• पार्श्वतः (pārśvataḥ) - from the side, beside

• तपः (tapaḥ) - severe asceticism (tapas) (austerity, penance, asceticism)

• अतप्यत (atapyata) - was performed, was practiced

• दुर्धर्षः (durdharṣaḥ) - unassailable, invincible, difficult to overcome

• तात (tāta) - O dear one (an affectionate address) (dear one, father)

• नित्यम् (nityam) - always, constantly, perpetually

• वृषध्वजः (vṛṣadhvajaḥ) - Shiva (one whose banner is a bull)

Words meanings and morphology

यत्र (yatra) - where, in which place

(indeclinable)

From pronominal stem ya- and suffix -tra

उत्तराम् (uttarām) - northern

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of uttara

uttara - upper, higher, northern, later, subsequent, superior

Note: Modifies 'diśam'.

दिशम् (diśam) - direction, quarter

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of diś

diś - direction, quarter, region, space

गत्वा (gatvā) - having gone

(indeclinable)

Absolutive/Gerund

Derived from root gam with suffix -tvā

Root: gam (class 1)

शैलराजस्य (śailarājasya) - of the Himalaya (of the king of mountains)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of śailarāja

śailarāja - king of mountains, Himalaya

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śaila+rāja)

• śaila – mountain, rock
  noun (masculine)
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to the Himalaya mountain range.

पार्श्वतः (pārśvataḥ) - from the side, beside

(indeclinable)

Ablative suffix -tas

तपः (tapaḥ) - severe asceticism (tapas) (austerity, penance, asceticism)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - heat, warmth, pain, suffering, austerity, penance, religious mortification

Note: Object of the verb 'atapyata'.

अतप्यत (atapyata) - was performed, was practiced

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of tap

Imperfect Middle/Passive

Root tap (class 1, 4), imperfect, 3rd person singular, middle voice

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Can be seen as passive in meaning when used with 'tapas'.

दुर्धर्षः (durdharṣaḥ) - unassailable, invincible, difficult to overcome

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of durdharṣa

durdharṣa - difficult to be overcome, invincible, unassailable, formidable

Prefix 'dur' (bad, difficult) + root 'dhṛṣ' (to dare, to overcome)

Prefix: dur

Root: dhṛṣ (class 5)

तात (tāta) - O dear one (an affectionate address) (dear one, father)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of tāta

tāta - father, dear one, sir (an affectionate address)

Note: A term of endearment, often used by a senior to a junior, or in general affectionate address.

नित्यम् (nityam) - always, constantly, perpetually

(indeclinable)

Note: Functions as an adverb modifying 'atapyata'.

वृषध्वजः (vṛṣadhvajaḥ) - Shiva (one whose banner is a bull)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vṛṣadhvaja

vṛṣadhvaja - one who has a bull as his banner

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (vṛṣa+dhvaja)

• vṛṣa – bull, male, powerful
  noun (masculine)
• dhvaja – banner, flag, mark, emblem
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of the sentence.