महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-8, verse-25

तं दृष्ट्वा द्विरदं दूरात्क्षेमधूर्तिर्द्विपस्थितः ।
आह्वयानोऽभिदुद्राव प्रमनाः प्रमनस्तरम् ॥२५॥

25. taṁ dṛṣṭvā dviradaṁ dūrātkṣemadhūrtirdvipasthitaḥ ,
āhvayāno'bhidudrāva pramanāḥ pramanastaram.

25. tam dṛṣṭvā dviradam dūrāt kṣemadhūrtiḥ dvipa-sthitaḥ
āhvayānaḥ abhi-dudrāva pramanāḥ pramanas-taram

25. dvipa-sthitaḥ kṣemadhūrtiḥ tam dviradam dūrāt dṛṣṭvā
āhvayānaḥ pramanāḥ pramanas-taram abhi-dudrāva

25. Kṣemadhūrti, seated on his elephant, saw that (other) elephant from afar. Greatly excited, he challenged it and charged towards it with even greater eagerness.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - that other elephant (that, him, it)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

• द्विरदम् (dviradam) - elephant

• दूरात् (dūrāt) - from afar, from a distance

• क्षेमधूर्तिः (kṣemadhūrtiḥ) - the warrior named Kṣemadhūrti (Kṣemadhūrti)

• द्विप-स्थितः (dvipa-sthitaḥ) - seated on an elephant

• आह्वयानः (āhvayānaḥ) - challenging, calling out

• अभि-दुद्राव (abhi-dudrāva) - ran towards, charged at

• प्रमनाः (pramanāḥ) - greatly excited, enthusiastic, eager

• प्रमनस्-तरम् (pramanas-taram) - more eagerly, with greater enthusiasm

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - that other elephant (that, him, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen

(indeclinable)

Absolutive/Gerund

From √dṛś (to see).

Root: dṛś (class 1)

द्विरदम् (dviradam) - elephant

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dvirada

dvirada - elephant (lit. 'having two tusks')

Compound type : bahuvrihi (dvi+rada)

• dvi – two
  numeral
• rada – tusk, tooth
  noun (masculine)
  From √rad (to cut, bite).
  Root: rad (class 1)

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

दूरात् (dūrāt) - from afar, from a distance

(indeclinable)

Ablative of dūra, used as an indeclinable adverb.

Note: Functions adverbially.

क्षेमधूर्तिः (kṣemadhūrtiḥ) - the warrior named Kṣemadhūrti (Kṣemadhūrti)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṣemadhūrti

kṣemadhūrti - Kṣemadhūrti (proper name)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

द्विप-स्थितः (dvipa-sthitaḥ) - seated on an elephant

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dvipa-sthita

dvipa-sthita - standing/situated on an elephant

Past Passive Participle

From √sthā (to stand) with dvipa (elephant).

Compound type : tatpurusha (dvipa+sthita)

• dvipa – elephant
  noun (masculine)
• sthita – standing, situated, abiding
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  From √sthā (to stand).
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Adjective describing Kṣemadhūrti.

आह्वयानः (āhvayānaḥ) - challenging, calling out

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āhvayamāna

āhvayamāna - calling, challenging

Present Middle Participle

From √hvā (to call) with prefix ā. The root hvā becomes hve in the middle voice stem.

Prefix: ā

Root: hvā (class 1)

Note: Adjective describing Kṣemadhūrti.

अभि-दुद्राव (abhi-dudrāva) - ran towards, charged at

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of drā

Perfect 3rd singular active, with prefix abhi.

Prefix: abhi

Root: drā (class 2)

प्रमनाः (pramanāḥ) - greatly excited, enthusiastic, eager

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pramanas

pramanas - joyful, cheerful, eager, excited

Compound type : bahuvrihi (pra+manas)

• pra – forth, forward, intense
  indeclinable
• manas – mind, spirit, intellect
  noun (neuter)
  From √man (to think).
  Root: man (class 4)

Note: Adjective describing Kṣemadhūrti.

प्रमनस्-तरम् (pramanas-taram) - more eagerly, with greater enthusiasm

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pramanas-tara

pramanas-tara - more eager, more excited

Comparative degree of pramanas, used adverbially.

Compound type : tatpurusha (pramanas+tara)

• pramanas – joyful, cheerful, eager
  adjective
  Prefix: pra
• tara – more, greater (comparative suffix)
  suffix
  Comparative suffix.

Note: Functions adverbially.