महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-106, verse-9

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
किमर्थं राजशार्दूलः सगरः पुत्रमात्मजम् ।
त्यक्तवान्दुस्त्यजं वीरं तन्मे ब्रूहि तपोधन ॥९॥

9. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
kimarthaṁ rājaśārdūlaḥ sagaraḥ putramātmajam ,
tyaktavāndustyajaṁ vīraṁ tanme brūhi tapodhana.

9. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca | kimartham rājaśārdūlaḥ sagaraḥ putram
ātmajam | tyaktavān dustyajam vīram tat me brūhi tapodhana

9. Yudhiṣṭhira said: O ascetic (tapodhana), please tell me for what reason King Sagara, that tiger among kings, abandoned his own son (ātman), who was a valiant hero and difficult to forsake.

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - The eldest of the Pāṇḍavas, addressing the sage Lomasa. (Yudhiṣṭhira)

• उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhiṣṭhira spoke to Lomasa. (said, spoke)

• किमर्थम् (kimartham) - Asking the reason for Sagara's action. (why, for what purpose)

• राजशार्दूलः (rājaśārdūlaḥ) - Describing King Sagara. (tiger among kings, excellent king)

• सगरः (sagaraḥ) - The famous king Sagara, whose story is being asked about. (Sagara)

• पुत्रम् (putram) - The son of King Sagara. (son)

• आत्मजम् (ātmajam) - Emphasizing that it was Sagara's own son. (own-born, son)

• त्यक्तवान् (tyaktavān) - Sagara's action of giving up his son. (abandoned, forsaken)

• दुस्त्यजम् (dustyajam) - Describing the son, implying his value or importance. (difficult to abandon, hard to forsake)

• वीरम् (vīram) - Describing the son as valiant. (hero, brave man)

• तत् (tat) - Refers to the whole situation of Sagara abandoning his son. (that, therefore, this matter)

• मे (me) - Yudhiṣṭhira asks Lomasa to tell him. (to me, for me)

• ब्रूहि (brūhi) - Yudhiṣṭhira's direct command/request to Lomasa. (tell, speak)

• तपोधन (tapodhana) - Yudhiṣṭhira addressing Lomasa, a sage. (whose wealth is asceticism, ascetic, sage)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - The eldest of the Pāṇḍavas, addressing the sage Lomasa. (Yudhiṣṭhira)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhiṣṭhira, steady in battle

from yudhi (in battle) + sthira (steady)

उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhiṣṭhira spoke to Lomasa. (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular

from root vac (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

किमर्थम् (kimartham) - Asking the reason for Sagara's action. (why, for what purpose)

(indeclinable)

from kim (what) + artha (purpose)

Note: Acts as an adverb.

राजशार्दूलः (rājaśārdūlaḥ) - Describing King Sagara. (tiger among kings, excellent king)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājaśārdūla

rājaśārdūla - king-tiger, an excellent king, a chief among kings

from rājan (king) + śārdūla (tiger)

सगरः (sagaraḥ) - The famous king Sagara, whose story is being asked about. (Sagara)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sagara

sagara - Sagara (a king)

पुत्रम् (putram) - The son of King Sagara. (son)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

Note: Object of tyaktavān (abandoned).

आत्मजम् (ātmajam) - Emphasizing that it was Sagara's own son. (own-born, son)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ātmaja

ātmaja - self-born, son (born of oneself)

from ātman (self) + ja (born)

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Appositive to putram.

त्यक्तवान् (tyaktavān) - Sagara's action of giving up his son. (abandoned, forsaken)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tyaktavat

tyaktavat - having abandoned, forsaken

Past Active Participle

from root tyaj (to abandon) + ktavat suffix

Root: tyaj (class 1)

Note: Agrees with Sagaraḥ (nominative, masculine, singular).

दुस्त्यजम् (dustyajam) - Describing the son, implying his value or importance. (difficult to abandon, hard to forsake)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dustyaja

dustyaja - difficult to abandon

Gerundive/Future Passive Participle

from dus (bad, difficult) + tyaj (to abandon) + ya suffix

Prefix: dus

Root: tyaj (class 1)

Note: Qualifies putram/vīram.

वीरम् (vīram) - Describing the son as valiant. (hero, brave man)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vīra

vīra - hero, brave, mighty

Note: Qualifies putram.

तत् (tat) - Refers to the whole situation of Sagara abandoning his son. (that, therefore, this matter)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Acts as the object of 'brūhi'.

मे (me) - Yudhiṣṭhira asks Lomasa to tell him. (to me, for me)

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

Note: Tell to me.

ब्रूहि (brūhi) - Yudhiṣṭhira's direct command/request to Lomasa. (tell, speak)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (lot) of brū

Imperative mood, 2nd person singular

from root brū (to speak)

Root: brū (class 2)

तपोधन (tapodhana) - Yudhiṣṭhira addressing Lomasa, a sage. (whose wealth is asceticism, ascetic, sage)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of tapodhana

tapodhana - one whose wealth is asceticism (tapas), an ascetic

from tapas (asceticism) + dhana (wealth)

Note: Addressed to Lomasa.