महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-49, verse-53

इष्टोऽनिष्टश्च शब्दस्तु संहतः प्रविभागवान् ।
एवं बहुविधो ज्ञेयः शब्द आकाशसंभवः ॥५३॥

53. iṣṭo'niṣṭaśca śabdastu saṁhataḥ pravibhāgavān ,
evaṁ bahuvidho jñeyaḥ śabda ākāśasaṁbhavaḥ.

53. iṣṭaḥ aniṣṭaḥ ca śabdaḥ tu saṃhataḥ pravibhāgavān
evam bahuvidhaḥ jñeyaḥ śabdaḥ ākāśasaṃbhavaḥ

53. śabdaḥ tu iṣṭaḥ ca aniṣṭaḥ saṃhataḥ pravibhāgavān
evam ākāśasaṃbhavaḥ śabdaḥ bahuvidhaḥ jñeyaḥ

53. Sound can be pleasant or unpleasant, combined and differentiated. Therefore, sound, which originates from space (ākāśa), should be understood as having many varieties.

Words meanings summery:

• इष्टः (iṣṭaḥ) - pleasant (desired, agreeable, liked)

• अनिष्टः (aniṣṭaḥ) - unpleasant (undesired, disagreeable, disliked)

• च (ca) - and

• शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - sound, word, noise

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• संहतः (saṁhataḥ) - combined, compressed, composite, firm

• प्रविभागवान् (pravibhāgavān) - having distinctions, differentiated, divisible

• एवम् (evam) - therefore (thus, in this way)

• बहुविधः (bahuvidhaḥ) - manifold, of many kinds, various

• ज्ञेयः (jñeyaḥ) - is to be known, understood, recognized

• शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - sound, word, noise

• आकाशसंभवः (ākāśasaṁbhavaḥ) - born from space, originated from space (ākāśa)

Words meanings and morphology

इष्टः (iṣṭaḥ) - pleasant (desired, agreeable, liked)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of iṣṭa

iṣṭa - desired, wished, beloved, agreeable, worshipped

Past Passive Participle

From root √iṣ (to wish) or √yaj (to worship, sacrifice) through irregular formation.

Root: iṣ (class 6)

Note: Predicate for śabdaḥ.

अनिष्टः (aniṣṭaḥ) - unpleasant (undesired, disagreeable, disliked)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aniṣṭa

aniṣṭa - undesired, disagreeable, disliked, unpropitious, evil

Past Passive Participle (negative)

Negative prefix an- + iṣṭa.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (na+iṣṭa)

• na – not, no
  indeclinable
• iṣṭa – desired, wished, beloved, agreeable, worshipped
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root √iṣ (to wish) or √yaj (to worship, sacrifice).
  Root: iṣ (class 6)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects iṣṭaḥ and aniṣṭaḥ.

शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - sound, word, noise

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śabda

śabda - sound, noise, word, language

Note: Subject.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

संहतः (saṁhataḥ) - combined, compressed, composite, firm

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃhata

saṁhata - joined, combined, compact, dense, firm

Past Passive Participle

From sam- + √han (to strike, unite) + kta suffix.

Prefix: sam

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Predicate for śabdaḥ.

प्रविभागवान् (pravibhāgavān) - having distinctions, differentiated, divisible

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pravibhāgavat

pravibhāgavat - having parts, divisible, differentiated, distinct

From pravibhāga + -vat suffix.

Note: Predicate for śabdaḥ.

एवम् (evam) - therefore (thus, in this way)

(indeclinable)

बहुविधः (bahuvidhaḥ) - manifold, of many kinds, various

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bahuvidha

bahuvidha - manifold, various, of many kinds

From bahu + vidha.

Compound type : karmadhāraya (bahu+vidha)

• bahu – much, many, numerous, abundant
  adjective (masculine)
• vidha – kind, sort, type, mode
  noun (masculine)

Note: Predicate for śabdaḥ.

ज्ञेयः (jñeyaḥ) - is to be known, understood, recognized

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jñeya

jñeya - to be known, to be understood, intelligible, knowable

Gerundive (Potential Passive Participle)

From root √jñā (to know) + -ya suffix.

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Agrees with śabdaḥ.

शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - sound, word, noise

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śabda

śabda - sound, noise, word, language

Note: Subject of the second clause.

आकाशसंभवः (ākāśasaṁbhavaḥ) - born from space, originated from space (ākāśa)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ākāśasaṃbhava

ākāśasaṁbhava - originating from space/ether

From ākāśa (space) + saṃbhava (originating).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ākāśa+saṃbhava)

• ākāśa – space, ether, sky
  noun (masculine)
  From ā- + √kāś (to shine, appear).
  Prefix: ā
  Root: kāś (class 1)
• saṃbhava – origin, birth, source, production, possibility
  noun (masculine)
  From sam- + √bhū (to be, arise) + -a suffix.
  Prefix: sam
  Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Agrees with śabdaḥ.