महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-49, verse-42

इष्टश्चानिष्टगन्धश्च मधुरोऽम्लः कटुस्तथा ।
निर्हारी संहतः स्निग्धो रूक्षो विशद एव च ।
एवं दशविधो ज्ञेयः पार्थिवो गन्ध इत्युत ॥४२॥

42. iṣṭaścāniṣṭagandhaśca madhuro'mlaḥ kaṭustathā ,
nirhārī saṁhataḥ snigdho rūkṣo viśada eva ca ,
evaṁ daśavidho jñeyaḥ pārthivo gandha ityuta.

42. iṣṭaḥ ca aniṣṭagandhaḥ ca madhuraḥ
amlaḥ kaṭuḥ tathā nirhārī saṃhataḥ snigdhaḥ
rūkṣaḥ viśadaḥ eva ca evam daśavidhaḥ
jñeyaḥ pārthivaḥ gandhaḥ iti uta

42. iṣṭaḥ ca aniṣṭagandhaḥ ca madhuraḥ
amlaḥ kaṭuḥ tathā nirhārī saṃhataḥ snigdhaḥ
rūkṣaḥ viśadaḥ eva ca evam pārthivaḥ
gandhaḥ daśavidhaḥ jñeyaḥ iti uta

42. Agreeable and disagreeable, sweet, sour, pungent, and also diffusive, compact, oily, rough, and clear—thus, the terrestrial smell (gandha) is indeed to be known as ten-fold.

Words meanings summery:

• इष्टः (iṣṭaḥ) - A type of smell that is pleasant. (desired, agreeable, pleasant, liked)

• च (ca) - Connects 'agreeable' with 'disagreeable smell'. (and)

• अनिष्टगन्धः (aniṣṭagandhaḥ) - A type of smell that is unpleasant. (disagreeable smell, undesirable odor)

• च (ca) - Connects the 'iṣṭa' and 'aniṣṭa' smells to the following tastes. (and)

• मधुरः (madhuraḥ) - A quality of smell, like a sweet fragrance. (sweet, pleasant, charming)

• अम्लः (amlaḥ) - A quality of smell, like a sour odor. (sour, acidic)

• कटुः (kaṭuḥ) - A quality of smell, like a pungent odor. (pungent, acrid, sharp, bitter)

• तथा (tathā) - Connects the preceding tastes with the following attributes. (thus, so, and also, in that manner)

• निर्हारी (nirhārī) - A smell that spreads widely. (diffusive, spreading, permeating)

• संहतः (saṁhataḥ) - A smell that is concentrated or not easily dispersed. (compact, cohesive, dense, collected)

• स्निग्धः (snigdhaḥ) - A smooth or unharsh smell. (oily, smooth, bland, affectionate)

• रूक्षः (rūkṣaḥ) - A harsh or dry smell. (rough, dry, harsh)

• विशदः (viśadaḥ) - A distinct and pure smell. (clear, distinct, pure, clean)

• एव (eva) - Emphasizes that these are precisely the ten types. (indeed, only, just, exactly)

• च (ca) - Connects 'viśada' to the rest of the list. (and)

• एवम् (evam) - Summarizes the preceding enumeration as the way to understand the smell qualities. (thus, in this manner, so)

• दशविधः (daśavidhaḥ) - States explicitly that these are the ten varieties of smell. (of ten kinds, ten-fold)

• ज्ञेयः (jñeyaḥ) - It is imperative to understand the terrestrial smell in these ten categories. (should be known, knowable, to be understood)

• पार्थिवः (pārthivaḥ) - The smell that originates from or is characteristic of the Earth. (terrestrial, earthy, belonging to the earth)

• गन्धः (gandhaḥ) - The main subject being described, i.e., the terrestrial smell. (smell, odor, fragrance)

• इति (iti) - Marks the end of the description of the ten types of smell. (thus, in this way, so (introducing or concluding a quote/statement))

• उत (uta) - Adds emphasis or further confirms the statement. (and, also, indeed, even, moreover)

Words meanings and morphology

इष्टः (iṣṭaḥ) - A type of smell that is pleasant. (desired, agreeable, pleasant, liked)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of iṣṭa

iṣṭa - Desired, liked, wished, agreeable, worshipped.

Past Passive Participle

From root yaj (to worship, sacrifice, desire).

Root: yaj (class 1)

Note: First type of smell.

च (ca) - Connects 'agreeable' with 'disagreeable smell'. (and)

(indeclinable)

Note: Enclitic conjunction.

अनिष्टगन्धः (aniṣṭagandhaḥ) - A type of smell that is unpleasant. (disagreeable smell, undesirable odor)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aniṣṭagandha

aniṣṭagandha - Disagreeable odor.

Compound of a-niṣṭa (undesired) and gandha (smell).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (aniṣṭa+gandha)

• aniṣṭa – undesired, disagreeable, bad, unpleasant
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle (negative)
  Negative prefix 'an-' + iṣṭa.
  Prefix: an
  Root: yaj (class 1)
• gandha – smell, odor, fragrance
  noun (masculine)
  Root: gandh (class 10)

Note: Another type of smell.

च (ca) - Connects the 'iṣṭa' and 'aniṣṭa' smells to the following tastes. (and)

(indeclinable)

Note: Enclitic conjunction.

मधुरः (madhuraḥ) - A quality of smell, like a sweet fragrance. (sweet, pleasant, charming)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of madhura

madhura - Sweet, pleasant, charming, melodious.

From madhu (honey).

Note: Third type of smell quality.

अम्लः (amlaḥ) - A quality of smell, like a sour odor. (sour, acidic)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of amla

amla - Sour, acidic.

Note: Fourth type of smell quality.

कटुः (kaṭuḥ) - A quality of smell, like a pungent odor. (pungent, acrid, sharp, bitter)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kaṭu

kaṭu - Pungent, acrid, sharp, hot, bitter.

Note: Fifth type of smell quality.

तथा (tathā) - Connects the preceding tastes with the following attributes. (thus, so, and also, in that manner)

(indeclinable)

निर्हारी (nirhārī) - A smell that spreads widely. (diffusive, spreading, permeating)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nirhārī

nirhārī - Diffusive, spreading, carrying off.

Agent noun/adjective from root hṛ with prefix nir-.

Derived from root hṛ (to carry) with prefix nir-.

Prefix: nir

Root: hṛ (class 1)

Note: Sixth type of smell quality.

संहतः (saṁhataḥ) - A smell that is concentrated or not easily dispersed. (compact, cohesive, dense, collected)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃhata

saṁhata - Compact, collected, joined, struck.

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root han (to strike, destroy) with prefix sam-. (here used with sense of 'bring together')

Prefix: sam

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Seventh type of smell quality.

स्निग्धः (snigdhaḥ) - A smooth or unharsh smell. (oily, smooth, bland, affectionate)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of snigdha

snigdha - Oily, unctuous, smooth, bland, affectionate.

Past Passive Participle

From root snih (to be sticky, oily, love).

Root: snih (class 4)

Note: Eighth type of smell quality.

रूक्षः (rūkṣaḥ) - A harsh or dry smell. (rough, dry, harsh)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rūkṣa

rūkṣa - Rough, dry, harsh, coarse.

From root rūkṣ (to be rough).

Root: rūkṣ (class 10)

Note: Ninth type of smell quality.

विशदः (viśadaḥ) - A distinct and pure smell. (clear, distinct, pure, clean)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viśada

viśada - Clear, distinct, pure, clean, white.

From root śad (to fall, move) with prefix vi-.

Prefix: vi

Root: śad (class 1)

Note: Tenth type of smell quality.

एव (eva) - Emphasizes that these are precisely the ten types. (indeed, only, just, exactly)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

च (ca) - Connects 'viśada' to the rest of the list. (and)

(indeclinable)

Note: Enclitic conjunction.

एवम् (evam) - Summarizes the preceding enumeration as the way to understand the smell qualities. (thus, in this manner, so)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb.

दशविधः (daśavidhaḥ) - States explicitly that these are the ten varieties of smell. (of ten kinds, ten-fold)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of daśavidha

daśavidha - Of ten kinds, ten-fold.

Compound: daśa (ten) + vidha (kind).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (daśan+vidha)

• daśan – ten
  numeral
• vidha – kind, sort, type, manner
  noun (masculine)
  From root dhā (to place, arrange) with prefix vi- (though here often simply means 'kind')
  Prefix: vi
  Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Predicative adjective for gandhaḥ.

ज्ञेयः (jñeyaḥ) - It is imperative to understand the terrestrial smell in these ten categories. (should be known, knowable, to be understood)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jñeya

jñeya - To be known, knowable, perceptible.

Gerundive (kṛtya)

Derived from root jñā (to know) with suffix -eya.

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Predicate for gandhaḥ.

पार्थिवः (pārthivaḥ) - The smell that originates from or is characteristic of the Earth. (terrestrial, earthy, belonging to the earth)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pārthiva

pārthiva - Terrestrial, earthly, royal, relating to a king.

Derived from pṛthivī (earth) with suffix -a.

गन्धः (gandhaḥ) - The main subject being described, i.e., the terrestrial smell. (smell, odor, fragrance)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gandha

gandha - Smell, odor, fragrance, scent.

From root gandh (to smell).

Root: gandh (class 10)

Note: Subject of the last clause.

इति (iti) - Marks the end of the description of the ten types of smell. (thus, in this way, so (introducing or concluding a quote/statement))

(indeclinable)

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Particle.

उत (uta) - Adds emphasis or further confirms the statement. (and, also, indeed, even, moreover)

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle.