महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-14, chapter-49, verse-40

शब्दः स्पर्शस्तथा रूपं रसो गन्धश्च पञ्चमः ।
एते पञ्च गुणा भूमेर्विज्ञेया द्विजसत्तमाः ॥४०॥

40. śabdaḥ sparśastathā rūpaṁ raso gandhaśca pañcamaḥ ,
ete pañca guṇā bhūmervijñeyā dvijasattamāḥ.

40. śabdaḥ sparśaḥ tathā rūpam rasaḥ gandhaḥ ca pañcamaḥ
ete pañca guṇā bhūmeḥ vijñeyā dvijasattamāḥ

40. dvijasattamāḥ śabdaḥ sparśaḥ tathā rūpam rasaḥ ca
pañcamaḥ gandhaḥ ete pañca bhūmeḥ guṇā vijñeyā

40. Sound, touch, form, taste, and fifthly, smell—these are the five qualities of the Earth (pṛthvī) that should be known, O best among the twice-born (dvijasattamāḥ)!

Words meanings summery:

• शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - The quality of sound, one of the five sense objects. (sound, noise, word)

• स्पर्शः (sparśaḥ) - The quality of touch, one of the five sense objects. (touch, contact, feeling)

• तथा (tathā) - Connects the preceding list items with the following. (thus, so, in that manner, and also)

• रूपम् (rūpam) - The quality of visual form or sight. (form, appearance, shape, beauty, color)

• रसः (rasaḥ) - The quality of taste. (taste, juice, essence, flavor, sentiment)

• गन्धः (gandhaḥ) - The quality of smell. (smell, odor, fragrance)

• च (ca) - Connects 'gandha' with the rest of the list. (and)

• पञ्चमः (pañcamaḥ) - Indicating smell as the fifth quality in the list. (fifth)

• एते (ete) - Refers to the five qualities just enumerated. (these)

• पञ्च (pañca) - The cardinal number indicating five qualities. (five)

• गुणा (guṇā) - The five fundamental properties of the Earth. (qualities, attributes, constituents)

• भूमेः (bhūmeḥ) - These qualities belong to the Earth. (of the Earth, from the Earth)

• विज्ञेया (vijñeyā) - These qualities are specifically to be understood by the audience. (should be known, knowable, to be understood)

• द्विजसत्तमाः (dvijasattamāḥ) - The speaker is addressing highly respected individuals, likely Brahmins, who have undergone the sacred thread ceremony. (O best of twice-born, O excellent brahmins)

Words meanings and morphology

शब्दः (śabdaḥ) - The quality of sound, one of the five sense objects. (sound, noise, word)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śabda

śabda - Sound, noise, word, voice.

Root: śabd (class 1)

स्पर्शः (sparśaḥ) - The quality of touch, one of the five sense objects. (touch, contact, feeling)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sparśa

sparśa - Touch, contact, sensation.

From root spṛś (to touch).

Root: spṛś (class 6)

तथा (tathā) - Connects the preceding list items with the following. (thus, so, in that manner, and also)

(indeclinable)

रूपम् (rūpam) - The quality of visual form or sight. (form, appearance, shape, beauty, color)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of rūpa

rūpa - Form, shape, appearance, beauty, color.

Root: rūp (class 10)

रसः (rasaḥ) - The quality of taste. (taste, juice, essence, flavor, sentiment)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rasa

rasa - Taste, flavor, juice, essence, sentiment.

From root ras (to taste, roar).

Root: ras (class 1)

गन्धः (gandhaḥ) - The quality of smell. (smell, odor, fragrance)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gandha

gandha - Smell, odor, fragrance, scent.

From root gandh (to smell).

Root: gandh (class 10)

च (ca) - Connects 'gandha' with the rest of the list. (and)

(indeclinable)

Note: Enclitic conjunction.

पञ्चमः (pañcamaḥ) - Indicating smell as the fifth quality in the list. (fifth)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pañcama

pañcama - Fifth.

Ordinal number from pañcan.

Note: Agrees with gandhaḥ.

एते (ete) - Refers to the five qualities just enumerated. (these)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of etad

etad - This, these.

Note: Refers to guṇāḥ.

पञ्च (pañca) - The cardinal number indicating five qualities. (five)

(numeral)

Note: Adjective to guṇāḥ.

गुणा (guṇā) - The five fundamental properties of the Earth. (qualities, attributes, constituents)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of guṇa

guṇa - Quality, attribute, constituent, strand, virtue.

Note: Subject of vijñeyā.

भूमेः (bhūmeḥ) - These qualities belong to the Earth. (of the Earth, from the Earth)

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, singular of bhūmi

bhūmi - Earth, ground, soil, land.

Note: Possessive, 'of the Earth'.

विज्ञेया (vijñeyā) - These qualities are specifically to be understood by the audience. (should be known, knowable, to be understood)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vijñeya

vijñeya - To be known, knowable, to be understood.

Gerundive (kṛtya)

Derived from root jñā (to know) with prefix vi- and suffix -eya. The form 'vijñeyā' appears as feminine singular nominative in Devanagari, but in this context, it is grammatically interpreted as masculine plural nominative (vijñeyāḥ) to agree with 'guṇāḥ', with the final visarga dropped due to poetic license or sandhi conventions.

Prefix: vi

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Predicative adjective agreeing with guṇāḥ.

द्विजसत्तमाः (dvijasattamāḥ) - The speaker is addressing highly respected individuals, likely Brahmins, who have undergone the sacred thread ceremony. (O best of twice-born, O excellent brahmins)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, plural of dvijasattama

dvijasattama - Best among the twice-born (dvija), excellent Brahmin.

Compound, superlative (sattama) of dvija.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dvija+sattama)

• dvija – twice-born (Brahmin, Kṣatriya, Vaiśya), bird, tooth
  noun (masculine)
  From dvi (two) + ja (born).
  Root: jan (class 4)
• sattama – best, excellent, most eminent
  adjective (masculine)
  Superlative suffix -tama added to sat (good, existing).
  Root: as (class 2)

Note: Adresses the listeners.