महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-129, verse-52

फलमूलाशनं वायुरापः शैवलभक्षणम् ।
ऋषीणां नियमा ह्येते यैर्जयन्त्यजितां गतिम् ॥५२॥

52. phalamūlāśanaṁ vāyurāpaḥ śaivalabhakṣaṇam ,
ṛṣīṇāṁ niyamā hyete yairjayantyajitāṁ gatim.

52. phala-mūla-aśanam vāyuḥ āpaḥ śaivala-bhakṣaṇam
ṛṣīṇām niyamāḥ hi ete yaiḥ jayanti ajitām gatim

52. phala-mūla-aśanam vāyuḥ āpaḥ śaivala-bhakṣaṇam
ete hi ṛṣīṇām niyamāḥ yaiḥ ajitām gatim jayanti

52. Eating fruits and roots, subsisting on air and water, and consuming moss—these are indeed the disciplines (niyamāḥ) of the sages by which they achieve an unconquerable state.

Words meanings summery:

• फल-मूल-अशनम् (phala-mūla-aśanam) - consumption of fruits and roots

• वायुः (vāyuḥ) - (subsistence on) air (air, wind, breath)

• आपः (āpaḥ) - (subsistence on) water (water)

• शैवल-भक्षणम् (śaivala-bhakṣaṇam) - consumption of moss/algae

• ऋषीणाम् (ṛṣīṇām) - of sages, of seers

• नियमाः (niyamāḥ) - disciplines (niyamāḥ) (disciplines, restraints, observances, rules)

• हि (hi) - indeed, certainly, because

• एते (ete) - these

• यैः (yaiḥ) - by whom, by which

• जयन्ति (jayanti) - they conquer, they are victorious

• अजिताम् (ajitām) - an unconquerable (unconquered, invincible)

• गतिम् (gatim) - an unconquerable state (state, condition, destination, path, movement)

Words meanings and morphology

फल-मूल-अशनम् (phala-mūla-aśanam) - consumption of fruits and roots

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of phalamūlāśana

phalamūlāśana - consumption of fruits and roots

Compound: phala (fruit) + mūla (root) + aśana (eating).

Compound type : tatpurusha (phala+mūla+aśana)

• phala – fruit, result, reward
  noun (neuter)
• mūla – root, origin, foundation
  noun (neuter)
• aśana – eating, food
  noun (neuter)
  From aś (to eat) + lyuṭ (neuter action noun)
  Root: aś (class 9)

वायुः (vāyuḥ) - (subsistence on) air (air, wind, breath)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vāyu

vāyu - air, wind, breath

From vā (to blow) + u (agent noun suffix)

Root: vā (class 2)

आपः (āpaḥ) - (subsistence on) water (water)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, plural of ap

ap - water

Irregular feminine noun (always plural in classical Sanskrit).

शैवल-भक्षणम् (śaivala-bhakṣaṇam) - consumption of moss/algae

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of śaivalabhakṣaṇa

śaivalabhakṣaṇa - consumption of moss/algae

Compound: śaivala (moss) + bhakṣaṇa (eating). Tatpurusha compound.

Compound type : tatpurusha (śaivala+bhakṣaṇa)

• śaivala – moss, algae, water-plant
  noun (neuter)
• bhakṣaṇa – eating, devouring, food
  noun (neuter)
  From bhakṣ (to eat) + lyuṭ (neuter action noun)
  Root: bhakṣ (class 10)

ऋषीणाम् (ṛṣīṇām) - of sages, of seers

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of ṛṣi

ṛṣi - sage, seer, inspired poet

Root: ṛṣ (class 6)

नियमाः (niyamāḥ) - disciplines (niyamāḥ) (disciplines, restraints, observances, rules)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of niyama

niyama - discipline, restraint, observance, rule

From ni-yam (to restrain, control) + ghañ (masculine action noun)

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

हि (hi) - indeed, certainly, because

(indeclinable)

एते (ete) - these

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of etad

etad - this, these

Nominative plural masculine of etad.

Note: Refers to the practices listed.

यैः (yaiḥ) - by whom, by which

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of yad

yad - who, which, what

Instrumental plural masculine/neuter of yad. Refers to "niyamāḥ".

जयन्ति (jayanti) - they conquer, they are victorious

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of ji

Present active indicative

3rd person plural, present tense, active voice, Parasmaipada.

Root: ji (class 1)

अजिताम् (ajitām) - an unconquerable (unconquered, invincible)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of ajita

ajita - unconquered, invincible

Past Passive Participle (A-privative + jita)

A-privative + past passive participle of ji (to conquer). Feminine accusative singular, agreeing with `gatim`.

Compound type : pradi-samasa (nañ-tatpuruṣa) (a+jita)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative particle.
• jita – conquered, won
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Past Passive Participle of ji (to conquer).
  Root: ji (class 1)

गतिम् (gatim) - an unconquerable state (state, condition, destination, path, movement)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of gati

gati - state, condition, destination, path, movement

From gam (to go) + ktin (feminine action noun)

Root: gam (class 1)