महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-10, chapter-12, verse-10

स तदाज्ञाय दुष्टात्मा पितुर्वचनमप्रियम् ।
निराशः सर्वकल्याणैः शोचन्पर्यपतन्महीम् ॥१०॥

10. sa tadājñāya duṣṭātmā piturvacanamapriyam ,
nirāśaḥ sarvakalyāṇaiḥ śocanparyapatanmahīm.

10. saḥ tad ājñāya duṣṭa-ātmā pituḥ vacanam apriyam
nirāśaḥ sarva-kalyāṇaiḥ śocan pari-apatat mahīm

10. saḥ duṣṭa-ātmā pituḥ apriyam vacanam tad ājñāya
sarva-kalyāṇaiḥ nirāśaḥ śocan mahīm pari-apatat

10. He, whose nature (ātman) was corrupt, understood his father's unpleasant words. Despairing of all good fortune, he lamented and wandered the earth.

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - Refers to Aśvatthāman. (he, that one)

• तद् (tad) - Refers to the fact that his father's words were unpleasant. (that, therefore)

• आज्ञाय (ājñāya) - Understood the meaning or implications of the words. (having known, having understood)

• दुष्ट-आत्मा (duṣṭa-ātmā) - Describes Aśvatthāman's inherent character as flawed. (wicked-souled, corrupt-natured)

• पितुः (pituḥ) - Refers to Droṇa. (of the father)

• वचनम् (vacanam) - Refers to Droṇa's admonitions. (word, speech, saying)

• अप्रियम् (apriyam) - Describes the nature of the father's words to the son. (unpleasant, disagreeable, unwelcome)

• निराशः (nirāśaḥ) - Having lost hope for any good fortune for himself. (hopeless, despairing)

• सर्व-कल्याणैः (sarva-kalyāṇaiḥ) - Despairing of any good thing, either for himself or from others. (from all good fortunes, of all blessings)

• शोचन् (śocan) - His emotional state as he wandered. (lamenting, grieving, mourning)

• परि-अपतत् (pari-apatat) - Suggests aimless wandering due to distress. (he wandered about, he fell about)

• महीम् (mahīm) - the earth

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - Refers to Aśvatthāman. (he, that one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Subject of the sentence.

तद् (tad) - Refers to the fact that his father's words were unpleasant. (that, therefore)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this, it, therefore

Demonstrative pronoun, neuter singular accusative, used adverbially or as direct object of ājñāya.

Note: Object of the gerund ājñāya.

आज्ञाय (ājñāya) - Understood the meaning or implications of the words. (having known, having understood)

(indeclinable)

Gerund (absolutive)

Derived from ā-√jñā (to know, perceive) with suffix -ya.

Prefix: ā

Root: √jñā (class 9)

दुष्ट-आत्मा (duṣṭa-ātmā) - Describes Aśvatthāman's inherent character as flawed. (wicked-souled, corrupt-natured)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duṣṭa-ātman

duṣṭa-ātman - wicked-souled, evil-minded, corrupt nature (ātman)

Compound of duṣṭa (corrupted) and ātman (soul/self/nature).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (duṣṭa+ātman)

• duṣṭa – corrupted, wicked, bad, spoiled
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root √duṣ (to be corrupted).
  Root: √duṣ (class 4)
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essential nature
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agrees with saḥ.

पितुः (pituḥ) - Refers to Droṇa. (of the father)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of pitṛ

pitṛ - father, ancestor

Note: Possessive of vacanam.

वचनम् (vacanam) - Refers to Droṇa's admonitions. (word, speech, saying)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vacana

vacana - word, speech, saying, declaration

Derived from √vac (to speak).

Root: √vac (class 2)

Note: Subject of implied 'was'.

अप्रियम् (apriyam) - Describes the nature of the father's words to the son. (unpleasant, disagreeable, unwelcome)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of apriya

apriya - unpleasant, disagreeable, undesired, hostile

Negative compound with a- (not) and priya (dear, pleasant).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+priya)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative particle.
• priya – dear, beloved, pleasant, agreeable
  adjective
  Root: √prī (class 9)

Note: Predicate adjective for vacanam.

निराशः (nirāśaḥ) - Having lost hope for any good fortune for himself. (hopeless, despairing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nirāśa

nirāśa - hopeless, despairing, despondent

Compound of nir (without) and āśā (hope).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (nis+āśā)

• nis – out, without, away
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating negation or absence.
• āśā – hope, expectation, direction
  noun (feminine)
  From ā-√āś (to obtain, eat, hope).
  Prefix: ā
  Root: √āś (class 5)

Note: Agrees with saḥ.

सर्व-कल्याणैः (sarva-kalyāṇaiḥ) - Despairing of any good thing, either for himself or from others. (from all good fortunes, of all blessings)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of sarva-kalyāṇa

sarva-kalyāṇa - all welfare, all good fortune, all blessings

Compound of sarva (all) and kalyāṇa (welfare, good).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sarva+kalyāṇa)

• sarva – all, every, whole
  adjective
• kalyāṇa – welfare, auspicious, good, beautiful
  noun (neuter)

Note: Governed by nirāśaḥ (despairing of/from).

शोचन् (śocan) - His emotional state as he wandered. (lamenting, grieving, mourning)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śocat

śocat - lamenting, grieving, mourning

Present Active Participle

Derived from root √śuc (to grieve, mourn).

Root: √śuc (class 1)

Note: Agrees with saḥ.

परि-अपतत् (pari-apatat) - Suggests aimless wandering due to distress. (he wandered about, he fell about)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of pari-√pat

Imperfect

3rd person singular, imperfect active of √pat (to fall, fly) with prefix pari.

Prefix: pari

Root: √pat (class 1)

महीम् (mahīm) - the earth

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of mahī

mahī - earth, ground, land

Note: Object of pari-apatat.