महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-78, verse-30

शुक्र उवाच ।
धर्मज्ञः सन्महाराज योऽधर्ममकृथाः प्रियम् ।
तस्माज्जरा त्वामचिराद्धर्षयिष्यति दुर्जया ॥३०॥

30. śukra uvāca ,
dharmajñaḥ sanmahārāja yo'dharmamakṛthāḥ priyam ,
tasmājjarā tvāmacirāddharṣayiṣyati durjayā.

30. śukraḥ uvāca dharmajñaḥ san mahārāja yaḥ adharmam akṛthāḥ
priyam tasmāt jarā tvām acirāt harṣayiṣyati durjayā

30. Shukra spoke: O great king, although you are a knower of dharma, you have chosen adharma as dear. Therefore, unconquerable old age will swiftly afflict you.

30. שׁוּקְרַה אמר, הו מלך גדול, אף שאתה יודע את היושר, עשית מעשה בלתי ישר שהיה חביב עליך. לכן תתקוף אותך בקרוב הזקנה הבלתי מנוצחת.

Words meanings summery:

• शुक्रः (śukraḥ) - Shukra (name of the preceptor of the Asuras)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• धर्मज्ञः (dharmajñaḥ) - knowing dharma, righteous, virtuous

• सन् (san) - though being (being, existing)

• महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which

• अधर्मम् (adharmam) - adharma, unrighteousness

• अकृथाः (akṛthāḥ) - you have made (dear) (you did, you made)

• प्रियम् (priyam) - as dear (dear, beloved)

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that

• जरा (jarā) - old age, decay

• त्वाम् (tvām) - you (accusative)

• अचिरात् (acirāt) - swiftly, without delay, soon

• हर्षयिष्यति (harṣayiṣyati) - will afflict (with its presence) (will cause to thrill, will afflict, will excite)

• दुर्जया (durjayā) - hard to conquer, unconquerable

Words meanings and morphology

शुक्रः (śukraḥ) - Shukra (name of the preceptor of the Asuras)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śukra

śukra - Shukra, bright, clear, semen

Note: Speaker of this verse.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

From root vac, 3rd person singular.

Root: vac (class 2)

धर्मज्ञः (dharmajñaḥ) - knowing dharma, righteous, virtuous

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmajña

dharmajña - knower of dharma, righteous, virtuous

Compound: dharma + jña

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (dharma+jña)

• dharma – righteousness, duty, law, virtue
  noun (masculine)
• jña – knowing, knower
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root jñā (to know).
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: In apposition to 'san' (being).

सन् (san) - though being (being, existing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sat

sat - being, existing, good, real

Present Active Participle

Derived from root as (to be), masculine nominative singular.

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Used concessively, 'though being'.

महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahārāja

mahārāja - great king

Compound: mahā (great) + rāja (king).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+rāja)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

Note: Addressed to Yayati.

यः (yaḥ) - who, which

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Note: Relative pronoun, referring to Yayati.

अधर्मम् (adharmam) - adharma, unrighteousness

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of adharma

adharma - unrighteousness, injustice, wrong conduct

Compound: na + dharma

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (na+dharma)

• na – not
  indeclinable
• dharma – righteousness, duty, law, virtue
  noun (masculine)

Note: Object of 'akṛthāḥ'.

अकृथाः (akṛthāḥ) - you have made (dear) (you did, you made)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, past aorist (luṅ) of kṛ

Aorist Middle

From root kṛ, 2nd person singular, aorist middle voice.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Implies 'you have considered/treated as'.

प्रियम् (priyam) - as dear (dear, beloved)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of priya

priya - dear, beloved, favorite

Note: Qualifies 'adharmam', meaning 'made adharma dear'.

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that

(indeclinable)

Note: Ablative of 'tad' used adverbially.

जरा (jarā) - old age, decay

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of jarā

jarā - old age, decay, decrepitude

Note: Subject of 'harṣayiṣyati'.

त्वाम् (tvām) - you (accusative)

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Object of 'harṣayiṣyati'.

अचिरात् (acirāt) - swiftly, without delay, soon

(indeclinable)

Compound: a + cira (not long).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+cira)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• cira – long, lasting (of time)
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Ablative of 'acira' used adverbially.

हर्षयिष्यति (harṣayiṣyati) - will afflict (with its presence) (will cause to thrill, will afflict, will excite)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, future (lṛṭ) of hṛṣ

Future Causative Active

Derived from root hṛṣ (class 4), causative stem harṣaya, 3rd person singular future.

Root: hṛṣ (class 4)

Note: Here, 'afflict' or 'torment' fits the context of old age.

दुर्जया (durjayā) - hard to conquer, unconquerable

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of durjaya

durjaya - hard to conquer, unconquerable, difficult to overcome

gerundive/passive sense

Compound: dur + ji (to conquer).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dur+ji)

• dur – bad, difficult
  indeclinable
• ji – to conquer
  root
  Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'jarā'.

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