महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-78, verse-30

शुक्र उवाच ।
धर्मज्ञः सन्महाराज योऽधर्ममकृथाः प्रियम् ।
तस्माज्जरा त्वामचिराद्धर्षयिष्यति दुर्जया ॥३०॥

30. śukra uvāca ,
dharmajñaḥ sanmahārāja yo'dharmamakṛthāḥ priyam ,
tasmājjarā tvāmacirāddharṣayiṣyati durjayā.

30. śukraḥ uvāca dharmajñaḥ san mahārāja yaḥ adharmam akṛthāḥ
priyam tasmāt jarā tvām acirāt harṣayiṣyati durjayā

30. Shukra spoke: O great king, although you are a knower of dharma, you have chosen adharma as dear. Therefore, unconquerable old age will swiftly afflict you.

Words meanings summery:

• शुक्रः (śukraḥ) - Shukra (name of the preceptor of the Asuras)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• धर्मज्ञः (dharmajñaḥ) - knowing dharma, righteous, virtuous

• सन् (san) - though being (being, existing)

• महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which

• अधर्मम् (adharmam) - adharma, unrighteousness

• अकृथाः (akṛthāḥ) - you have made (dear) (you did, you made)

• प्रियम् (priyam) - as dear (dear, beloved)

• तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that

• जरा (jarā) - old age, decay

• त्वाम् (tvām) - you (accusative)

• अचिरात् (acirāt) - swiftly, without delay, soon

• हर्षयिष्यति (harṣayiṣyati) - will afflict (with its presence) (will cause to thrill, will afflict, will excite)

• दुर्जया (durjayā) - hard to conquer, unconquerable

Words meanings and morphology

शुक्रः (śukraḥ) - Shukra (name of the preceptor of the Asuras)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śukra

śukra - Shukra, bright, clear, semen

Note: Speaker of this verse.

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

From root vac, 3rd person singular.

Root: vac (class 2)

धर्मज्ञः (dharmajñaḥ) - knowing dharma, righteous, virtuous

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmajña

dharmajña - knower of dharma, righteous, virtuous

Compound: dharma + jña

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (dharma+jña)

• dharma – righteousness, duty, law, virtue
  noun (masculine)
• jña – knowing, knower
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root jñā (to know).
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: In apposition to 'san' (being).

सन् (san) - though being (being, existing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sat

sat - being, existing, good, real

Present Active Participle

Derived from root as (to be), masculine nominative singular.

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Used concessively, 'though being'.

महाराज (mahārāja) - O great king

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of mahārāja

mahārāja - great king

Compound: mahā (great) + rāja (king).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+rāja)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective
• rāja – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

Note: Addressed to Yayati.

यः (yaḥ) - who, which

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Note: Relative pronoun, referring to Yayati.

अधर्मम् (adharmam) - adharma, unrighteousness

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of adharma

adharma - unrighteousness, injustice, wrong conduct

Compound: na + dharma

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (na+dharma)

• na – not
  indeclinable
• dharma – righteousness, duty, law, virtue
  noun (masculine)

Note: Object of 'akṛthāḥ'.

अकृथाः (akṛthāḥ) - you have made (dear) (you did, you made)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, past aorist (luṅ) of kṛ

Aorist Middle

From root kṛ, 2nd person singular, aorist middle voice.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Implies 'you have considered/treated as'.

प्रियम् (priyam) - as dear (dear, beloved)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of priya

priya - dear, beloved, favorite

Note: Qualifies 'adharmam', meaning 'made adharma dear'.

तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore, from that

(indeclinable)

Note: Ablative of 'tad' used adverbially.

जरा (jarā) - old age, decay

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of jarā

jarā - old age, decay, decrepitude

Note: Subject of 'harṣayiṣyati'.

त्वाम् (tvām) - you (accusative)

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Note: Object of 'harṣayiṣyati'.

अचिरात् (acirāt) - swiftly, without delay, soon

(indeclinable)

Compound: a + cira (not long).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+cira)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• cira – long, lasting (of time)
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Ablative of 'acira' used adverbially.

हर्षयिष्यति (harṣayiṣyati) - will afflict (with its presence) (will cause to thrill, will afflict, will excite)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, future (lṛṭ) of hṛṣ

Future Causative Active

Derived from root hṛṣ (class 4), causative stem harṣaya, 3rd person singular future.

Root: hṛṣ (class 4)

Note: Here, 'afflict' or 'torment' fits the context of old age.

दुर्जया (durjayā) - hard to conquer, unconquerable

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of durjaya

durjaya - hard to conquer, unconquerable, difficult to overcome

gerundive/passive sense

Compound: dur + ji (to conquer).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dur+ji)

• dur – bad, difficult
  indeclinable
• ji – to conquer
  root
  Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'jarā'.