महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-29, verse-33

होमधेन्वा वत्समस्य प्रमत्त इषुणाहनम् ।
चरन्तमजने शल्य ब्राह्मणात्तपसो निधेः ॥३३॥

33. homadhenvā vatsamasya pramatta iṣuṇāhanam ,
carantamajane śalya brāhmaṇāttapaso nidheḥ.

33. homadhenvā vatsam asya pramattaḥ iṣuṇā ahanam
carantam ajane śalya brāhmaṇāt tapasaḥ nidheḥ

33. śalya aham pramattaḥ iṣuṇā ajane carantam asya
homadhenvā vatsam ahanam brāhmaṇāt tapasaḥ nidheḥ

33. O Śalya, I, being careless, killed with an arrow the calf of a sacrificial cow, which was wandering in a solitary place. This calf belonged to a Brahmin, a veritable treasure of spiritual austerities (tapas).

Words meanings summery:

• होमधेन्वा (homadhenvā) - of a sacrificial cow (describing the calf's origin) (by/with a sacrificial cow; of a sacrificial cow (contextual))

• वत्सम् (vatsam) - the calf (calf, young one)

• अस्य (asya) - his (referring to the Brahmin) (of this, of him, its)

• प्रमत्तः (pramattaḥ) - negligent, careless (negligent, careless, intoxicated, inattentive)

• इषुणा (iṣuṇā) - with an arrow

• अहनम् (ahanam) - I killed (I killed, I struck)

• चरन्तम् (carantam) - wandering (wandering, moving, grazing)

• अजने (ajane) - in a solitary place (in a solitary place, in the wilderness)

• शल्य (śalya) - O Śalya! (addressing King Śalya) (O Śalya!)

• ब्राह्मणात् (brāhmaṇāt) - from a Brahmin

• तपसः (tapasaḥ) - of spiritual austerities (tapas) (of penance, of austerity)

• निधेः (nidheḥ) - of a treasure, storehouse (of penance) (of a treasure, of a storehouse)

Words meanings and morphology

होमधेन्वा (homadhenvā) - of a sacrificial cow (describing the calf's origin) (by/with a sacrificial cow; of a sacrificial cow (contextual))

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of homadhenu

homadhenu - sacrificial cow

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (homa+dhenu)

• homa – oblation, sacrifice, burnt offering
  noun (masculine)
  Root: hu (class 3)
• dhenu – cow, milch cow
  noun (feminine)

Note: Though grammatically instrumental, it functions contextually to describe 'vatsam' as belonging to a sacrificial cow.

वत्सम् (vatsam) - the calf (calf, young one)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vatsa

vatsa - calf, child, year

अस्य (asya) - his (referring to the Brahmin) (of this, of him, its)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the Brahmin mentioned later in the verse.

प्रमत्तः (pramattaḥ) - negligent, careless (negligent, careless, intoxicated, inattentive)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pramatta

pramatta - negligent, careless, intoxicated

Past Passive Participle

from √mad with pra

Prefix: pra

Root: mad (class 4)

Note: Qualifies the implied subject 'aham' (I).

इषुणा (iṣuṇā) - with an arrow

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of iṣu

iṣu - arrow

अहनम् (ahanam) - I killed (I killed, I struck)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of √han

imperfect active

a-class root, 2nd class verb

Root: han (class 2)

Note: The verbal root 'han' takes an accusative object, which is 'vatsam'.

चरन्तम् (carantam) - wandering (wandering, moving, grazing)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of carat

carat - moving, wandering, grazing

Present Active Participle

from √car, 1st class verb

Root: car (class 1)

Note: Modifies 'vatsam'.

अजने (ajane) - in a solitary place (in a solitary place, in the wilderness)

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of ajana

ajana - solitary, uninhabited, a solitary place

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+jana)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• jana – person, people
  noun (masculine)

शल्य (śalya) - O Śalya! (addressing King Śalya) (O Śalya!)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of śalya

śalya - a dart, an arrow; name of a king

Note: The narrator (Yudhiṣṭhira in this context) addresses Śalya.

ब्राह्मणात् (brāhmaṇāt) - from a Brahmin

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of brāhmaṇa

brāhmaṇa - Brahmin, relating to Brahmins

Note: It indicates the owner of the calf, i.e., the Brahmin from whom the calf came.

तपसः (tapasaḥ) - of spiritual austerities (tapas) (of penance, of austerity)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - heat, spiritual austerity, penance

Note: Part of the compound meaning with 'nidheḥ'.

निधेः (nidheḥ) - of a treasure, storehouse (of penance) (of a treasure, of a storehouse)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of nidhi

nidhi - treasure, storehouse, deposit

Prefix: ni

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: 'tapasaḥ nidheḥ' means 'a treasure of tapas (penance)', qualifying the Brahmin.