महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-29, verse-24

शत्रुः शदेः शासतेः शायतेर्वा शृणातेर्वा श्वयतेर्वापि सर्गे ।
उपसर्गाद्बहुधा सूदतेश्च प्रायेण सर्वं त्वयि तच्च मह्यम् ॥२४॥

24. śatruḥ śadeḥ śāsateḥ śāyatervā; śṛṇātervā śvayatervāpi sarge ,
upasargādbahudhā sūdateśca; prāyeṇa sarvaṁ tvayi tacca mahyam.

24. śatruḥ śadeḥ śāsateḥ śāyateḥ vā
śṛṇāteḥ vā api śvayateḥ vā api sarge
upasargāt bahudhā sūdateḥ ca
prāyeṇa sarvam tvayi tat ca mahyam

24. śatruḥ śadeḥ śāsateḥ vā śāyateḥ vā śṛṇāteḥ vā api śvayateḥ sarge,
upasargāt ca sūdateḥ bahudhā (is derived).
prāyeṇa sarvam tat ca tvayi mahyam (is).

24. The word 'enemy' (śatru) is derived from roots like 'śad' (to cause to fall), 'śās' (to punish), 'śāy' (to cause to lie low or to waste), 'śṛṇā' (to injure), or even 'śvi' (to swell, implying one who causes trouble by growing strong), in its origin. Its meaning is formed in many ways from various prefixes (upasargas) and from the root 'sūd' (to destroy). For the most part, all of these characteristics (of an enemy) are found in you, and that (hostility) is directed towards me.

Words meanings summery:

• शत्रुः (śatruḥ) - the word 'enemy' (enemy, opponent, rival)

• शदेः (śadeḥ) - from the verbal root 'śad' (from the root śad (to fall, to destroy))

• शासतेः (śāsateḥ) - from the verbal root 'śās' (from the root śās (to command, to punish))

• शायतेः (śāyateḥ) - from the verbal root 'śāy' (causative of śī, 'to make lie low' or from root 'śā' to injure) (from the root śī (to lie down) in causative (to cause to lie low), or from śā (to waste/injure))

• वा (vā) - or

• शृणातेः (śṛṇāteḥ) - from the verbal root 'śṛṇā' (from śṛ) (from the root śṛ (to crush, injure))

• वा (vā) - or

• अपि (api) - also, even, too

• श्वयतेः (śvayateḥ) - from the verbal root 'śvi' (from the root śvi (to swell, grow strong, increase))

• वा (vā) - or

• अपि (api) - also, even, too

• सर्गे (sarge) - in its etymological origin or formation (in creation, in origination, in its formation)

• उपसर्गात् (upasargāt) - from various verbal prefixes (upasargas) (from a prefix, from an auxiliary particle)

• बहुधा (bahudhā) - in many different ways (referring to formation of meaning) (in many ways, manifoldly)

• सूदतेः (sūdateḥ) - from the verbal root 'sūd' (from the root sūd (to kill, destroy))

• च (ca) - and, also

• प्रायेण (prāyeṇa) - mostly, for the most part, generally

• सर्वम् (sarvam) - all these characteristics (of an enemy) (all, every, whole, entire)

• त्वयि (tvayi) - in you (the addressed opponent) (in you, on you, at you)

• तत् (tat) - that (hostility/nature of an enemy) (that, it)

• च (ca) - and, also

• मह्यम् (mahyam) - towards me, for me (to me, for me, my)

Words meanings and morphology

शत्रुः (śatruḥ) - the word 'enemy' (enemy, opponent, rival)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śatru

śatru - enemy, foe, rival, opponent

शदेः (śadeḥ) - from the verbal root 'śad' (from the root śad (to fall, to destroy))

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of śad

śad - to fall, decay, perish, destroy, go to ruin

Root dhātu

Root: śad (class 1)

Note: Used as a nominal form of the root for etymological discussion.

शासतेः (śāsateḥ) - from the verbal root 'śās' (from the root śās (to command, to punish))

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of śās

śās - to instruct, teach, rule, govern, punish, chastise

Root dhātu

Root: śās (class 2)

Note: Used as a nominal form of the root for etymological discussion.

शायतेः (śāyateḥ) - from the verbal root 'śāy' (causative of śī, 'to make lie low' or from root 'śā' to injure) (from the root śī (to lie down) in causative (to cause to lie low), or from śā (to waste/injure))

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of śāy

śī - to lie down, recline, sleep, rest

Causative stem śāyaya

The form śāyateḥ is derived from the causative stem śāyaya-, meaning 'to cause to lie down' or 'to destroy/make low'.

Root: śī (class 2)

Note: Used as a nominal form of the root for etymological discussion.

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

शृणातेः (śṛṇāteḥ) - from the verbal root 'śṛṇā' (from śṛ) (from the root śṛ (to crush, injure))

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of śṛṇā

śṛ - to crush, break, injure, harm, tear

Present stem śṛṇāti

The form śṛṇāteḥ is derived from the present stem śṛṇā- of the root śṛ.

Root: śṛ (class 9)

Note: Used as a nominal form of the root for etymological discussion.

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - also, even, too

(indeclinable)

श्वयतेः (śvayateḥ) - from the verbal root 'śvi' (from the root śvi (to swell, grow strong, increase))

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of śvi

śvi - to swell, grow, increase, expand, become great

Root dhātu

Root: śvi (class 1)

Note: Used as a nominal form of the root for etymological discussion.

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - also, even, too

(indeclinable)

सर्गे (sarge) - in its etymological origin or formation (in creation, in origination, in its formation)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of sarga

sarga - creation, emission, section, chapter

From root sṛj (to emit, create)

Root: sṛj (class 6)

उपसर्गात् (upasargāt) - from various verbal prefixes (upasargas) (from a prefix, from an auxiliary particle)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of upasarga

upasarga - prefix to a verb, preposition, auxiliary particle

upa (near) + sarga (creation/joining)

Prefix: upa

Root: sṛj (class 6)

बहुधा (bahudhā) - in many different ways (referring to formation of meaning) (in many ways, manifoldly)

(indeclinable)

From bahu (many) + dhā suffix

सूदतेः (sūdateḥ) - from the verbal root 'sūd' (from the root sūd (to kill, destroy))

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of sūd

sūd - to kill, destroy, annihilate, drive away, remove

Root dhātu

Root: sūd (class 10)

Note: Used as a nominal form of the root for etymological discussion.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

प्रायेण (prāyeṇa) - mostly, for the most part, generally

(indeclinable)

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Used in instrumental singular as an adverbial, meaning 'for the most part'.

सर्वम् (sarvam) - all these characteristics (of an enemy) (all, every, whole, entire)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, entire

त्वयि (tvayi) - in you (the addressed opponent) (in you, on you, at you)

(pronoun)

Locative, singular of tva

yuṣmad - you

Note: Locative singular of yuṣmad (you).

तत् (tat) - that (hostility/nature of an enemy) (that, it)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this, he, she, it

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

मह्यम् (mahyam) - towards me, for me (to me, for me, my)

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of mahyam

asmad - I, me

Note: Dative singular of asmad (I).