महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-29, verse-31

नापश्याम ततस्त्वेतत्सैन्यं वै तमसावृतम् ।
गाण्डीवस्य च निर्घोषः श्रुतो दक्षिणतो मया ॥३१॥

31. nāpaśyāma tatastvetatsainyaṁ vai tamasāvṛtam ,
gāṇḍīvasya ca nirghoṣaḥ śruto dakṣiṇato mayā.

31. na apaśyām tataḥ tu etat sainyam vai tamasā āvṛtam
gāṇḍīvasya ca nirghoṣaḥ śrutaḥ dakṣiṇataḥ mayā

31. tataḥ tu mayā etat tamasā āvṛtam sainyam vai na
apaśyām ca gāṇḍīvasya nirghoṣaḥ dakṣiṇataḥ śrutaḥ

31. Then I could not see that army, for it was indeed enveloped in darkness; and the roar of Gāṇḍīva (Arjuna's bow) was heard by me from the south.

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• अपश्याम् (apaśyām) - I could see (I saw, I beheld)

• ततः (tataḥ) - then (sequence of events) (then, thence, from that)

• तु (tu) - for, indeed (as a connector) (but, indeed, yet)

• एतत् (etat) - that (referring to the army) (this, that (neuter))

• सैन्यम् (sainyam) - the army (army, host)

• वै (vai) - indeed (emphasizing the reason for not seeing) (indeed, surely, truly)

• तमसा (tamasā) - by darkness

• आवृतम् (āvṛtam) - enveloped (in darkness) (covered, enveloped, hidden)

• गाण्डीवस्य (gāṇḍīvasya) - of Gāṇḍīva (of Gāṇḍīva (Arjuna's bow))

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• निर्घोषः (nirghoṣaḥ) - the roar (of the bow) (roar, sound, clamor)

• श्रुतः (śrutaḥ) - was heard (heard, listened to)

• दक्षिणतः (dakṣiṇataḥ) - from the south (from the south, on the right)

• मया (mayā) - by me (Saṃjaya) (by me)

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Negative particle

अपश्याम् (apaśyām) - I could see (I saw, I beheld)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of apaśyām

Imperfect

From root dṛś (which uses paś- as present stem)

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Refers to Saṃjaya's vision

ततः (tataḥ) - then (sequence of events) (then, thence, from that)

(indeclinable)

तु (tu) - for, indeed (as a connector) (but, indeed, yet)

(indeclinable)

Particle

एतत् (etat) - that (referring to the army) (this, that (neuter))

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this, that

Demonstrative pronoun

सैन्यम् (sainyam) - the army (army, host)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sainya

sainya - army, host, military

Root: senā

वै (vai) - indeed (emphasizing the reason for not seeing) (indeed, surely, truly)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle

तमसा (tamasā) - by darkness

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tamas

tamas - darkness, gloom

Root: tam

आवृतम् (āvṛtam) - enveloped (in darkness) (covered, enveloped, hidden)

(participle)

Accusative, neuter, singular of āvṛta

āvṛta - covered, enveloped, surrounded

Past Passive Participle

From root vṛ (to cover, enclose) with upasarga ā

Prefix: ā

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'sainyam'

गाण्डीवस्य (gāṇḍīvasya) - of Gāṇḍīva (of Gāṇḍīva (Arjuna's bow))

(proper noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of gāṇḍīva

gāṇḍīva - Gāṇḍīva (the name of Arjuna's bow)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

Note: Postpositive conjunction

निर्घोषः (nirghoṣaḥ) - the roar (of the bow) (roar, sound, clamor)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nirghoṣa

nirghoṣa - roar, sound, loud noise, thunder

From root ghuṣ (to sound) with upasarga nir

Prefix: nir

Root: ghuṣ (class 1)

श्रुतः (śrutaḥ) - was heard (heard, listened to)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śruta

śruta - heard, listened to, renowned

Past Passive Participle

From root śru (to hear)

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Acts as the main verb (was heard)

दक्षिणतः (dakṣiṇataḥ) - from the south (from the south, on the right)

(indeclinable)

Adverb formed with suffix -tas

मया (mayā) - by me (Saṃjaya) (by me)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of aham

asmad - I, me

First person pronoun

Note: Agent of the passive verb 'śrutaḥ'. Refers to Saṃjaya, who is narrating.