महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-126, verse-21

कथं त्वयि च कर्णे च कृपे शल्ये च जीवति ।
अश्वत्थाम्नि च कौरव्य निधनं सैन्धवोऽगमत् ॥२१॥

21. kathaṁ tvayi ca karṇe ca kṛpe śalye ca jīvati ,
aśvatthāmni ca kauravya nidhanaṁ saindhavo'gamat.

21. katham tvayi ca karṇe ca kṛpe śalye ca jīvati
aśvatthāmni ca kauravya nidhanam saindhavaḥ agamat

21. kauravya tvayi ca karṇe ca kṛpe śalye ca aśvatthāmni
ca jīvati saindhavaḥ katham nidhanam agamat

21. O descendant of Kuru (Kauravya), how did the King of Sindhu (Saindhava) meet his end while you, Karṇa, Kṛpa, Śalya, and Aśvatthāmā were all still alive?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

• त्वयि (tvayi) - while you (Duryodhana) are alive (in you, on you, with you)

• च (ca) - and, also

• कर्णे (karṇe) - while Karṇa is alive (in Karṇa, on Karṇa)

• च (ca) - and, also

• कृपे (kṛpe) - while Kṛpa is alive (in Kṛpa, on Kṛpa)

• शल्ये (śalye) - while Śalya is alive (in Śalya, on Śalya)

• च (ca) - and, also

• जीवति (jīvati) - while living, being alive

• अश्वत्थाम्नि (aśvatthāmni) - while Aśvatthāmā is alive (in Aśvatthāmā, on Aśvatthāmā)

• च (ca) - and, also

• कौरव्य (kauravya) - O Duryodhana, descendant of Kuru (O descendant of Kuru)

• निधनम् (nidhanam) - death, end, destruction

• सैन्धवः (saindhavaḥ) - the King of Sindhu, Jayadratha

• अगमत् (agamat) - met his death (reached, met, went)

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how, why, in what manner

(indeclinable)

त्वयि (tvayi) - while you (Duryodhana) are alive (in you, on you, with you)

(pronoun)

Locative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (singular)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

कर्णे (karṇe) - while Karṇa is alive (in Karṇa, on Karṇa)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of karṇa

karṇa - Karṇa (a proper name)

Note: Part of locative absolute construction.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

कृपे (kṛpe) - while Kṛpa is alive (in Kṛpa, on Kṛpa)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of kṛpa

kṛpa - Kṛpa (a proper name)

Note: Part of locative absolute construction.

शल्ये (śalye) - while Śalya is alive (in Śalya, on Śalya)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of śalya

śalya - Śalya (a proper name)

Note: Part of locative absolute construction.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

जीवति (jīvati) - while living, being alive

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of jīv

jīv - to live, to exist

Present Active Participle

Derived from root 'jīv-'. Used in locative absolute construction.

Root: jīv (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'tvayi', 'karṇe', 'kṛpe', 'śalye', 'aśvatthāmni' in a locative absolute construction, implying 'while these are alive'.

अश्वत्थाम्नि (aśvatthāmni) - while Aśvatthāmā is alive (in Aśvatthāmā, on Aśvatthāmā)

(proper noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of aśvatthāman

aśvatthāman - Aśvatthāmā (a proper name)

Note: Part of locative absolute construction.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

कौरव्य (kauravya) - O Duryodhana, descendant of Kuru (O descendant of Kuru)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of kauravya

kauravya - descendant of Kuru, belonging to the Kauravas

निधनम् (nidhanam) - death, end, destruction

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of nidhana

nidhana - death, end, destruction

Prefix: ni

Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Object of 'agamat'.

सैन्धवः (saindhavaḥ) - the King of Sindhu, Jayadratha

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saindhava

saindhava - belonging to Sindhu, an inhabitant of Sindhu, King of Sindhu

Derived from 'sindhu' (Sindhu region/people) with suffix indicating belonging or origin.

Note: Subject of 'agamat'.

अगमत् (agamat) - met his death (reached, met, went)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of gam

Imperfect active 3rd singular

Derived from root 'gam-'. 'a-' is augment for imperfect.

Root: gam (class 1)