महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-145, verse-31

इत्युक्तः प्राञ्जलिर्भूत्वा दुःखितो भृशमातुरः ।
तेभ्यो न्यवेदयं पुत्र प्रतिज्ञां पितृगौरवात् ।
ऊर्ध्वरेता ह्यराजा च कुलस्यार्थे पुनः पुनः ॥३१॥

31. ityuktaḥ prāñjalirbhūtvā duḥkhito bhṛśamāturaḥ ,
tebhyo nyavedayaṁ putra pratijñāṁ pitṛgauravāt ,
ūrdhvaretā hyarājā ca kulasyārthe punaḥ punaḥ.

31. iti uktaḥ prāñjaliḥ bhūtvā duḥkhitaḥ
bhṛśam āturaḥ tebhyaḥ nyavedayam putra
pratijñām pitṛgauravāt ūrdhvaretāḥ
hi arājā ca kulasya arthe punaḥ punaḥ

31. putra iti uktaḥ duḥkhitaḥ bhṛśam āturaḥ
prāñjaliḥ bhūtvā tebhyaḥ pitṛgauravāt
pratijñām nyavedayam hi kulasya
arthe ūrdhvaretāḥ ca arājā punaḥ punaḥ

31. O son, thus addressed, I became distressed and exceedingly agitated. With folded hands, I conveyed my vow to them, made out of reverence for my father. For the sake of the family, indeed, I am celibate (ūrdhvaretas) and not a king, I repeated this again and again.

Words meanings summery:

• इति (iti) - thus (connecting to the previous speech) (thus, so, indicates direct speech)

• उक्तः (uktaḥ) - addressed (having been spoken to) (spoken, said)

• प्राञ्जलिः (prāñjaliḥ) - with folded hands (a gesture of respect/supplication) (with folded hands, respectful)

• भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having become (having been, having become)

• दुःखितः (duḥkhitaḥ) - distressed (grieved, distressed, unhappy)

• भृशम् (bhṛśam) - exceedingly (exceedingly, greatly, much)

• आतुरः (āturaḥ) - agitated (distressed, agitated, suffering)

• तेभ्यः (tebhyaḥ) - to them (the citizens, Kali, etc., from previous verse) (to them, for them)

• न्यवेदयम् (nyavedayam) - I conveyed, I informed (I announced, I submitted, I made known)

• पुत्र (putra) - O son (vocative, a general address by Bhishma) (son, child)

• प्रतिज्ञाम् (pratijñām) - my (Bhishma's) vow (vow, promise, assertion)

• पितृगौरवात् (pitṛgauravāt) - out of reverence for my father (out of respect for father, due to father's glory)

• ऊर्ध्वरेताः (ūrdhvaretāḥ) - celibate (ūrdhvaretas) (celibate, one whose vital energy flows upwards)

• हि (hi) - indeed (emphatic) (indeed, for, because)

• अराजा (arājā) - not a king (not a king, kingless)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• कुलस्य (kulasya) - of the family (of the family, of the lineage)

• अर्थे (arthe) - for the sake of (for the sake of, for the purpose of)

• पुनः (punaḥ) - again (again, repeatedly)

• पुनः (punaḥ) - repeatedly (again, repeatedly)

Words meanings and morphology

इति (iti) - thus (connecting to the previous speech) (thus, so, indicates direct speech)

(indeclinable)

उक्तः (uktaḥ) - addressed (having been spoken to) (spoken, said)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ukta

ukta - spoken, said, told

Past Passive Participle

From root vac (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Qualifies the implied 'I' (Bhishma).

प्राञ्जलिः (prāñjaliḥ) - with folded hands (a gesture of respect/supplication) (with folded hands, respectful)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prāñjali

prāñjali - with folded hands, respectful

Compound of pra (before) and añjali (folded hands)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (pra+añjali)

• pra – before, forward
  indeclinable
• añjali – folded hands, offering, reverence
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies the implied 'I' (Bhishma).

भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having become (having been, having become)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root bhū (to be, to become)

Root: bhū (class 1)

दुःखितः (duḥkhitaḥ) - distressed (grieved, distressed, unhappy)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duḥkhita

duḥkhita - grieved, distressed, unhappy

Past Passive Participle

From root dukh (to be distressed)

Root: dukh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies the implied 'I' (Bhishma).

भृशम् (bhṛśam) - exceedingly (exceedingly, greatly, much)

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverb modifying 'āturaḥ'.

आतुरः (āturaḥ) - agitated (distressed, agitated, suffering)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ātura

ātura - distressed, agitated, suffering, sick

From root tur (to be quick, strong) with ā-prefix, meaning 'afflicted'.

Prefix: ā

Root: tur (class 1)

Note: Qualifies the implied 'I' (Bhishma).

तेभ्यः (tebhyaḥ) - to them (the citizens, Kali, etc., from previous verse) (to them, for them)

(pronoun)

Dative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the people who were speaking in the previous verse.

न्यवेदयम् (nyavedayam) - I conveyed, I informed (I announced, I submitted, I made known)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of vid

Prefixes: ni+ā

Root: vid (class 4)

पुत्र (putra) - O son (vocative, a general address by Bhishma) (son, child)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

Note: The speaker (Bhishma) addresses his listener as 'son'.

प्रतिज्ञाम् (pratijñām) - my (Bhishma's) vow (vow, promise, assertion)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of pratijñā

pratijñā - vow, promise, assertion

From prati + jñā (to know, to promise)

Prefix: prati

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Object of 'nyavedayam'.

पितृगौरवात् (pitṛgauravāt) - out of reverence for my father (out of respect for father, due to father's glory)

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of pitṛgaurava

pitṛgaurava - reverence for father, father's glory

Compound of pitṛ (father) and gaurava (reverence, respect)

Compound type : tatpurusha (pitṛ+gaurava)

• pitṛ – father
  noun (masculine)
• gaurava – reverence, respect, dignity, glory
  noun (neuter)
  From guru (heavy, venerable)

Note: Indicates the reason for the vow.

ऊर्ध्वरेताः (ūrdhvaretāḥ) - celibate (ūrdhvaretas) (celibate, one whose vital energy flows upwards)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ūrdhvaretas

ūrdhvaretas - celibate, one whose semen flows upwards, one who has conserved vital energy

Compound of ūrdhva (upwards) and retas (semen, vital energy)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (ūrdhva+retas)

• ūrdhva – upwards, high, elevated
  adjective
• retas – semen, vital energy, fluid
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies 'I' (Bhishma).

हि (hi) - indeed (emphatic) (indeed, for, because)

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic particle.

अराजा (arājā) - not a king (not a king, kingless)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of arājan

arājan - not a king, kingless

Compound of a (negation) and rājan (king)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+rājan)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)

Note: Qualifies 'I' (Bhishma).

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'ūrdhvaretāḥ' and 'arājā'.

कुलस्य (kulasya) - of the family (of the family, of the lineage)

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of kula

kula - family, lineage, race, community

Note: Qualifies 'arthe'.

अर्थे (arthe) - for the sake of (for the sake of, for the purpose of)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of artha

artha - purpose, aim, object, sake, meaning, wealth

Note: Used idiomatically with genitive to mean 'for the sake of'.

पुनः (punaḥ) - again (again, repeatedly)

(indeclinable)

Note: Repeated for emphasis.

पुनः (punaḥ) - repeatedly (again, repeatedly)

(indeclinable)

Note: Repeated for emphasis.