महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-54, verse-9

अयं प्राणानुत्सिसृक्षुस्तं सर्वेऽभ्येत्य पृच्छत ।
कृत्स्नान्हि विविधान्धर्मांश्चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य वेत्त्ययम् ॥९॥

9. ayaṁ prāṇānutsisṛkṣustaṁ sarve'bhyetya pṛcchata ,
kṛtsnānhi vividhāndharmāṁścāturvarṇyasya vettyayam.

9. ayam prāṇān utsisṛkṣuḥ tam sarve abhyetya pṛcchata
kṛtsnān hi vividhān dharmān cāturvarṇyasya vetti ayam

9. This one (Bhishma) is about to give up his life; therefore, all of you should approach and question him. For he, indeed, knows all the various intrinsic natures (dharma) pertaining to the four social classes.

Words meanings summery:

• अयम् (ayam) - this (one)

• प्राणान् (prāṇān) - lives, breaths, vital airs

• उत्सिसृक्षुः (utsisṛkṣuḥ) - desirous of giving up his life (desirous of giving up/releasing)

• तम् (tam) - him, that one

• सर्वे (sarve) - all (of you)

• अभ्येत्य (abhyetya) - having approached, having come near

• पृच्छत (pṛcchata) - question (you all)

• कृत्स्नान् (kṛtsnān) - all, entire, whole

• हि (hi) - for, indeed, because

• विविधान् (vividhān) - various, manifold, diverse

• धर्मान् (dharmān) - natural laws (dharma), duties, or principles relevant to the social order (natural laws, duties, righteous conduct)

• चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य (cāturvarṇyasya) - of the four social classes, pertaining to the four varnas

• वेत्ति (vetti) - he knows

• अयम् (ayam) - this (one)

Words meanings and morphology

अयम् (ayam) - this (one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

Masculine nominative singular form of 'idam'.

Note: Refers to Bhishma.

प्राणान् (prāṇān) - lives, breaths, vital airs

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of prāṇa

prāṇa - breath, life, vital air, spirit

From pra- + √an (to breathe).

Prefix: pra

Root: an (class 2)

Note: Object of 'utsisṛkṣuḥ'.

उत्सिसृक्षुः (utsisṛkṣuḥ) - desirous of giving up his life (desirous of giving up/releasing)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of utsisṛkṣu

utsisṛkṣu - desirous of giving up, wishing to emit, intending to abandon

Desiderative participle

Desiderative stem of √sṛj (to emit, release) with prefixes ut- and sam- (though sam is often elided or understood in context, 'ut' is prominent).

Prefix: ut

Root: sṛj (class 6)

तम् (tam) - him, that one

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, that one

Masculine accusative singular form of 'tad'.

Note: Refers to Bhishma.

सर्वे (sarve) - all (of you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole

Masculine nominative plural.

अभ्येत्य (abhyetya) - having approached, having come near

(indeclinable)

Gerund (absolutive)

From abhi- + √i with gerund suffix -tya.

Prefix: abhi

Root: i (class 2)

Note: Gerund/Absolutive.

पृच्छत (pṛcchata) - question (you all)

(verb)

2nd person , plural, active, imperative (loṭ) of √prach

Present tense, 2nd person plural, Imperative mood.

Root: prach (class 6)

कृत्स्नान् (kṛtsnān) - all, entire, whole

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of kṛtsna

kṛtsna - all, whole, entire, complete

Masculine plural accusative.

हि (hi) - for, indeed, because

(indeclinable)

Note: Explanatory particle.

विविधान् (vividhān) - various, manifold, diverse

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, plural of vividha

vividha - various, diverse, manifold, different kinds

Masculine plural accusative.

धर्मान् (dharmān) - natural laws (dharma), duties, or principles relevant to the social order (natural laws, duties, righteous conduct)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, plural of dharma

dharma - natural law, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, constitution, religious or moral merit

From √dhṛ (to hold, support) with suffix -man.

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

चातुर्वर्ण्यस्य (cāturvarṇyasya) - of the four social classes, pertaining to the four varnas

(noun)

Genitive, neuter, singular of cāturvarṇya

cāturvarṇya - the system of four social classes (varṇa), the collection of four varṇas

Derived from caturvarṇa (four varṇas) with suffix -ya.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (implied) (catur+varṇa)

• catur – four
  numeral
• varṇa – color, social class, caste
  noun (masculine)
  Root: vṛ (class 9)

वेत्ति (vetti) - he knows

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of √vid

Present tense, 3rd person singular.

Root: vid (class 2)

अयम् (ayam) - this (one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

Masculine nominative singular form of 'idam'.

Note: Refers to Bhishma.