महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-54, verse-38

वक्तव्यं विदुषा चेति धर्ममाहुर्मनीषिणः ।
अप्रतिब्रुवतः कष्टो दोषो हि भवति प्रभो ॥३८॥

38. vaktavyaṁ viduṣā ceti dharmamāhurmanīṣiṇaḥ ,
apratibruvataḥ kaṣṭo doṣo hi bhavati prabho.

38. vaktavyam viduṣā ca iti dharmam āhuḥ manīṣiṇaḥ
apratibruvataḥ kaṣṭaḥ doṣaḥ hi bhavati prabho

38. Indeed, the wise (manīṣiṇaḥ) declare that the natural law (dharma) should be spoken by a knowledgeable person. For, O Lord, a serious flaw arises for one who, being able, does not speak.

Words meanings summery:

• वक्तव्यम् (vaktavyam) - ought to be spoken, to be said

• विदुषा (viduṣā) - by a knowledgeable person, by a wise person

• च (ca) - and, also

• इति (iti) - thus, so, a particle used to denote the end of a speech or quotation

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - natural law, duty, righteousness

• आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say, they declare

• मनीषिणः (manīṣiṇaḥ) - the wise, intelligent ones, thinkers

• अप्रतिब्रुवतः (apratibruvataḥ) - of one not speaking, of one not replying

• कष्टः (kaṣṭaḥ) - severe, serious (difficult, painful, troublesome, bad, severe)

• दोषः (doṣaḥ) - fault, defect, flaw, blame

• हि (hi) - indeed, for, because

• भवति (bhavati) - arises, occurs (becomes, happens, exists)

• प्रभो (prabho) - O Lord, O Master

Words meanings and morphology

वक्तव्यम् (vaktavyam) - ought to be spoken, to be said

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vaktavya

vaktavya - to be spoken, speakable

Gerundive

From √vac (to speak) with suffix -tavya.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Predicate adjective, 'it is to be spoken'.

विदुषा (viduṣā) - by a knowledgeable person, by a wise person

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vidvat

vidvat - knowledgeable, wise, learned

Present Active Participle

From √vid (to know).

Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Agent of 'vaktavyam'.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects clauses, often implies 'thus' or 'indeed' when preceding 'iti'.

इति (iti) - thus, so, a particle used to denote the end of a speech or quotation

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces a statement or declaration.

धर्मम् (dharmam) - natural law, duty, righteousness

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Object of 'vaktavyam' (implied verb 'to speak').

आहुः (āhuḥ) - they say, they declare

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of ah

Perfect Active Indicative 3rd Person Plural (irregular root)

Root: ah

Note: Used in a present sense.

मनीषिणः (manīṣiṇaḥ) - the wise, intelligent ones, thinkers

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of manīṣin

manīṣin - wise, intelligent, sagacious

Note: Subject of 'āhuḥ'.

अप्रतिब्रुवतः (apratibruvataḥ) - of one not speaking, of one not replying

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of apratibruvat

apratibruvat - not speaking, not replying

Present Active Participle (Negative)

From √brū (to speak) with upasarga prati- (in return) and negative prefix a-.

Compound type : tatpurusha (a+pratibruvat)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• pratibruvat – replying, speaking in return
  adjective (masculine)
  Present Active Participle
  From √brū (to speak) with upasarga prati-.
  Prefix: prati
  Root: brū (class 2)

Note: Refers to a person who abstains from speaking.

कष्टः (kaṣṭaḥ) - severe, serious (difficult, painful, troublesome, bad, severe)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kaṣṭa

kaṣṭa - difficult, painful, bad, serious

Note: Agrees with 'doṣaḥ'.

दोषः (doṣaḥ) - fault, defect, flaw, blame

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of doṣa

doṣa - fault, defect, flaw, sin

Note: Subject of 'bhavati'.

हि (hi) - indeed, for, because

(indeclinable)

Note: Emphatic, introduces a reason.

भवति (bhavati) - arises, occurs (becomes, happens, exists)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of bhū

Present Active Indicative 3rd Person Singular

Root: bhū (class 1)

प्रभो (prabho) - O Lord, O Master

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of prabhu

prabhu - lord, master, powerful, ruler

Note: Refers to the king.